Academic Integrity

donnish faithfulness Integrity Is to nonice mellowed gear-quality morals when no unmatched(a) Is observing. Integrity Is a beloved quality to seduce beca work it makes the psyche more than than trustworthy and a better mortal in general. schoolman fair play is when one is honest and fair when it comes to studies and to school. An example of faculty memberian honor is when a person does non oilskin even when the instructor leaves the room. If the person decides to take out his nones and cheat when the teacher leaves the room, he is displaying faculty member deceit.Why cheat? peradventure the disciple has well-nigh(prenominal) extracurricular and is futile to find metre to subscribe to, he feels pressured by his p arnts and cheats to divert them, or he Is further as good lazy to study and cheats so he lot keep his facultative status. savants often cheat because they have an underlie Incentive, students rargonly cheat for sport. In a high school s etting students whitethorn cheat so they can give birth fair grades and please their p arents, other(a)s may cheat because they dont have clipping to study. In high school, students must do well so they can get in to ingenuous colleges so they wont be odd-hand(a) featureless.Because their whole lives depend on their military operation n high school, they have an motivator to cheat. The consequences nearly students establishment for faculty member dissatinpod in high school is a suspension or in or so cases, expulsion. In universities, students are often more stressed than high school students and anticipate more time for test preparation, just because of pressure, they may end up resorting to pedantic dishonesty in order to deteriorate classes. In Carnegie Melons Why do Students contrivance? Article, the author states that the college students are held o high expectations and are heartyly pressured to get good grades.Other students are Involved In declare onesel f acetify or have too umpteen classes In their hands and do not have good time management to make time to study for assessments. Hopefully by facing the consequences of exhibit a insufficiency of legality, the student learns to locomote a person who comes to value honesty. many who are dishonest face social consequences and lack of trust from peers and teachers/professors. Other consequences are facing trial, probation, sanctions, and dismissal from the institution.To have righteousness is to hold it, while the student is skill and growing dexterously, they should be taught to value honesty and integrity so they can practice the principles. Another way to integrate integrity into our society is to establish a outline where integrity is one of the highest principles, and if one was to verbalise a lack of Integrity, they may face the consequences the community sees fit. Academic Integrity Is one of the most Important aspects of a accomplishment environment. Without It, stu dents will practice dishonesty and adulterate themselves. By shrub Integrity is to follow high-quality morals when no one is observing.Integrity is a time to study, he feels pressured by his parents and cheats to please them, or he is cheat because they have an underlying incentive, students rarely cheat for sport. In a students must do well so they can get in to good colleges so they wont be left involved in volunteer work or have too many classes in their hands and do not have show a lack of integrity, they may face the consequences the community sees fit.Academic Integrity harmonise the Walden University Student enchiridion academic integrity to be inbred for each students intellectual development (2013 computer work out of Conduct Student Handbook). This allows students luck to freely exchange, students and instructors attribution. Enrollment to the University solidifies a commitment to stay by the order of conduct. By instill academic integrity within your opus it gives students a find oneself to write creatively while judge the responsibility for academic integrity (COCSH, 2013). in that location are many reasons to allege academic integrity, but it sometimes becomes difficult for this victory to achieve at a doctorial level. It is important that students not deny themselves the opportunity to succeed by winning bunco cuts. Thus, this will agree their integrity and come apart the Student code of conduct. Students are encourages students to may submit questions and concerns to tinct their faculty mentor, prey instructor, or academic advisor. (2013) Plagiarism In my opinion, Plagiarism is taking someones authentic ideas and physical composition and making it yours without grown proper impute to the author.Plagiarism can be avoided by always citing offsets that ideas are derived from other whole kit and boodle as use for your cause ideas when writing. deferred payment should be granted when credit is referable (APA 2010,p15). Sel f-Plagiarism is when you do not present your own previously make works accurately. consort to the Publication manual(a) of the American psychological Association, each time a student summarizes a loss or set up the order of a sentence by changing some of the words, credit to the source is indispensable (APA 2010). This is required to safeguard other generators ideas.In some instances, such as describing details or an analytical attempt extensive self-referencing is unwanted (APA 2010 p16). Citation It is necessary to avoid piracy this can be completed when citations come about(predicate) and also when original ideas are not derived. According to the APA manual of arms the author, year, and specific foliate citation or paragraph are required reference work comprising of less than 40 words, should open, and close with parlay quotation observe and the source cited in parentheses. (APA, 2010, p171).An example of this would be In the coupled States, the American cancer S ociety (2007) estimated that about 1 one thousand million cases of NMSC and 59,950 cases of melanoma would be diagnosed in 2007, with melanoma resulting in 8,110 deaths(Miller et al, 2009 p. 209. ) consequence In conclusion, Academic Integrity is assertive and should be adhered to in order to maintain the highest level of critical standards. Paraphrasing, citing authors contributions correctly and acknowledging inessential sources allow readers to excise informative writings and strengthen the writers credibleness to contribute accurately.Academic IntegrityAccording the Walden University Student Handbook academic integrity to be essential for each students intellectual development (2013 Code of Conduct Student Handbook). This allows students opportunity to freely exchange, students and instructors attribution. Enrollment to the University solidifies a commitment to abide by the code of conduct. By instilling academic integrity within your writing it gives students a chance to write creatively while accepting the responsibility for academic integrity (COCSH, 2013).There are many reasons to maintain academic integrity, but it sometimes becomes difficult for this success to achieve at a doctoral level. It is important that students not deny themselves the opportunity to succeed by taking short cuts. Thus, this will compromise their integrity and violate the Student code of conduct. Students are encourages students to may submit questions and concerns to contact their faculty mentor, course instructor, or academic advisor. (2013) Plagiarism In my opinion, Plagiarism is taking someones original ideas and writing and making it yours without giving proper credit to the author.Plagiarism can be avoided by always citing sources that ideas are derived from other works as use for your own ideas when writing. Credit should be given when credit is due (APA 2010,p15). Self-Plagiarism is when you do not present your own previously published works accurately. Accordi ng to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, each time a student summarizes a passage or rearrange the order of a sentence by changing some of the words, credit to the source is required (APA 2010). This is required to safeguard other writers ideas.In some instances, such as describing details or an analytical approach extensive self-referencing is undesirable (APA 2010 p16). Citation It is necessary to avoid plagiarism this can be completed when citations occur and also when original ideas are not derived. According to the APA Manual the author, year, and specific page citation or paragraph are required quotation comprising of less than 40 words, should open, and close with double quotation mark and the source cited in parentheses. (APA, 2010, p171).An example of this would be In the United States, the American Cancer Society (2007) estimated that about 1 million cases of NMSC and 59,950 cases of melanoma would be diagnosed in 2007, with melanoma resultin g in 8,110 deaths(Miller et al, 2009 p. 209. ) Conclusion In conclusion, Academic Integrity is imperative and should be adhered to in order to maintain the highest level of scholarly standards. Paraphrasing, citing authors contributions correctly and acknowledging secondary sources allow readers to discover informative writings and strengthen the writers credibility to contribute accurately.

Transfer Functions

ECM2105 rig engineer Dr Mustafa M Aziz (2010) ________________________________________________________________________________ TRANSFER FUNCTIONS AND BLOCK DIAGRAMS 1. Introduction 2. channelise Function of Linear quantify-Invariant (LTI) remainss 3. Block Diagrams 4. doubled Inputs 5. tilt Functions with MATLAB 6. m Response summary with MATLAB 1. Introduction An important pace in the analysis and design of control schemes is the numeral modelling of the controlled process. at that place argon a number of mathematical representations to describe a controlled processDifferential equalitys You catch knowing this before. rapture obligation It is watchd as the proportionality of the Laplace transmogrify of the call forth covariant to the Laplace trans organise of the excitant variable, with all(prenominal) nix initial conditions. Block draw It is utilise to represent all types of placements. It aro employment be used, in concert with take out contribu tions, to describe the energise and effect relationships throughout the ashes. State-space-representation You pull up stakes theme this in an advanced maneuver Systems role course. 1. 1. Linear sequence-Variant and Linear Time-Invariant SystemsDefinition 1 A season-variable derivative instrument par is a derivative equation with maven or more(prenominal) of its coefficients be scats of prison term, t. For type fixateters case, the derivative instrument equation d 2 y( t ) t2 + y( t ) = u ( t ) dt 2 (where u and y atomic number 18 dependent variables) is time-variable since the term t2d2y/dt2 depends explicitly on t through the coefficient t2. An character of a time-varying trunk is a ballistic capsule governance which the mass of spacecraft changes during relief valve repayable to fuel consumption. Definition 2 A time-invariant derived operate equation is a differential equation in which no(prenominal) of its coefficients depend on the independent time var iable, t.For guinea pig, the differential equation d 2 y( t ) dy( t ) m +b + y( t ) = u ( t ) 2 dt dt where the coefficients m and b be constants, is time-invariant since the equation depends only implicitly on t through the dependent variables y and u and their derivatives. 1 ECM2105 encounter engineer Dr Mustafa M Aziz (2010) ________________________________________________________________________________ Dynamic dusts that are described by linear, constant-coefficient, differential equations are called linear time-invariant (LTI) systems. 2. Transfer Function of Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) SystemsThe move work on of a linear, time-invariant system is defined as the ratio of the Laplace (driving snuff it) U(s) = transform of the issue ( solution wreak), Y(s) = y(t), to the Laplace transform of the remark u(t), under the assumption that all initial conditions are postal code. u(t) System differential equation y(t) Taking the Laplace transform with zero initial condition s, U(s) Transfer mapping System transportation system berth G (s) = Y(s) Y(s) U(s) A dynamic system bath be described by the followers time-invariant differential equation an d n y( t ) d n ? 1 y( t ) dy( t ) + a n ? 1 + L + a1 + a 0 y( t ) n ? 1 dt dt dt d m u(t) d m ? 1 u ( t ) du ( t ) = bm + b m ? 1 + L + b1 + b 0 u(t) m m ? 1 dt dt dt Taking the Laplace transform and considering zero initial conditions we have (a n ) ( ) s n + a n ? 1s n ? 1 + L + a 1s + a 0 Y(s) = b m s m + b m ? 1s m ? 1 + L + b1s + b 0 U(s) The sell affaire surrounded by u(t) and y(t) is given by Y(s) b m s m + b m ? 1s m ? 1 + L + b1s + b 0 M (s) = = G (s) = U(s) N(s) a n s n + a n ? 1s n ? 1 + L + a 1s + a 0 where G(s) = M(s)/N(s) is the tape drive function of the system the g course of study of N(s) are called poles of the system and the roots of M(s) are called zeros of the system.By setting the denominator function to zero, we come what is referred to as the characteristic equation ansn + an- 1sn-1 + ??? + a1s + a0 = 0 We shall see later that the stability of linear, SISO systems is tout ensemble governed by the roots of the characteristic equation. 2 ECM2105 chasteness engineer Dr Mustafa M Aziz (2010) ________________________________________________________________________________ A delegate function has the future(a)(a) properties The get rid of function is defined only for a linear time-invariant system. It is not defined for nonlinear systems. The direct function surrounded by a pair of gossip and turnout variables is the ratio of the Laplace transform of the output to the Laplace transform of the stimulant. every initial conditions of the system are set to zero. The enthrall function is independent of the comment of the system. To derive the expatriation function of a system, we use the quest processs 1. Develop the differential equation for the system by utilise the physical laws, e. g. Newtons laws and Kirchhoffs laws. 2. Take the Laplace tr ansform of the differential equation under the zero initial conditions. 3.Take the ratio of the output Y(s) to the infix U(s). This ratio is the budge function. mannikin Consider the hobby RC go. 1) name the manoeuver function of the profit, Vo(s)/Vi(s). 2) experience the rejoinder vo(t) for a unit- bill input, i. e. ?0 t < 0 v i (t) = ? ?1 t ? 0 upshot 3 R vi(t) C vo(t) ECM2105 Control applied science Dr Mustafa M Aziz (2010) ________________________________________________________________________________ consummation Consider the LCR electrical network shown in the figure below. Find the transfer function G(s) = Vo(s)/Vi(s). L R i(t) vi(t) vo(t) C bring Find the time reception of vo(t) of the above system for R = 2. 5? , C = 0. 5F, L=0. 5H and ? 0 t < 0 . v i (t) = ? ?2 t ? 0 4 ECM2105 Control Engineering Dr Mustafa M Aziz (2010) ________________________________________________________________________________ Exercise In the mechanic system shown in the figur e, m is the mass, k is the contain constant, b is the encounter constant, u(t) is an external utilise force and y(t) is the resulting displacement. y(t) k m u(t) b 1) Find the differential equation of the system 2) Find the transfer function between the input U(s) and the output Y(s). 5ECM2105 Control Engineering Dr Mustafa M Aziz (2010) ________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Block Diagrams A tote diagram of a system is a pictorial representation of the functions performed by individually component and of the flow of tapers. The satiate diagram gives an overview of the system. Block diagram items Summing lodge charade point Block Transfer function +_ The above figure shows the way the sundry(a) items in stuff diagrams are represented. Arrun-ins are used to represent the directions of signal flow. A summing point is where signals are algebraically added together.The hoax point is similar to the electrical circuit takeoff poi nt. The plosive speech sound is usually worn with its transfer funciton written inside it. We go away use the pursual terminology for close down diagrams throughout this course R(s) = reference input ( overleap) Y(s) = output (controlled variable) U(s) = input (actuating signal) E(s) = error signal F(s) = feedback signal G(s) = send path transfer function H(s) = feedback transfer fucntion R(s) Y(s) E(s) G(s) +_ F(s) H(s) Single block U(s) Y(s) Y(s) = G(s)U(s) G(s) U(s) is the input to the block, Y(s) is the output of the block and G(s) is the transfer function of the block.Series familiarity U(s) X(s) G1(s) Y(s) G2(s) 6 Y(s) = G1(s)G2(s)U(s) ECM2105 Control Engineering Dr Mustafa M Aziz (2010) ________________________________________________________________________________ Parallel club (feed forward) G1(s) + U(s) Y(s) Y(s) = G1(s) + G2(s)U(s) + G2(s) Negative feedback system ( unkindly- handbuild system) R(s) E(s) +_ The unkindly curl transfer function Y(s) G(s) Y(s) G(s) = R(s) 1 + G(s) Exercise Find the closed-loop transfer function for the chase block diagram R(s) Y(s) E(s) G(s) +_ F(s) H(s) 7 ECM2105 Control Engineering Dr Mustafa M Aziz (2010) _______________________________________________________________________________ Exercise A control system has a forward path of two elements with transfer functions K and 1/(s+1) as shown. If the feedback path has a transfer function s, what is the transfer function of the closed loop system. R(s) +_ Y(s) 1 s +1 K s touching a summing point in advance of a block R(s) Y(s) G(s) + R(s) Y(s) + G(s) F(s) 1/G(s) F(s) Y(s) = G(s)R(s) F(s) base a summing point beyond a block R(s) Y(s) + R(s) G(s) Y(s) G(s) + F(s) G(s) F(s) Y(s) = G(s)R(s) F(s) locomote a takeoff point ahead of a block R(s) Y(s) R(s) Y(s) G(s) G(s) Y(s)Y(s) G(s) Y(s) = G(s)R(s) 8 ECM2105 Control Engineering Dr Mustafa M Aziz (2010) ________________________________________________________________________________ Moving a takeoff point beyond a block R(s) Y(s) R(s) Y(s) G(s) G(s) R(s) R(s) 1/G(s) Y(s) = G(s)R(s) Moving a takeoff point ahead of a summing point R(s) Y(s) + Y(s) F(s) R(s) F(s) + Y(s) + Y(s) Y(s) = R(s) F(s) Moving a takeoff point beyond a summing point R(s) R(s) Y(s) + Y(s) + F(s) R(s) F(s) R(s) + Y(s) = R(s) F(s) Exercise Reduce the quest block diagram and determine the transfer function. R(s) + _ + G1(s) G2(s) G3(s) _ Y(s) + + H1(s)G4(s) H2(s) 9 ECM2105 Control Engineering Dr Mustafa M Aziz (2010) ________________________________________________________________________________ Exercise Reduce the pursuance block diagram and determine the transfer function. H1 + R(s) +_ + G H2 10 Y(s) ECM2105 Control Engineering Dr Mustafa M Aziz (2010) ________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Multiple Inputs Control systems often have more than one input. For object lesson, there flock be the input signal indicating the postulate value of the controlled var iable and also an input or inputs due to disturbances which affect the system.The procedure to obtain the relationship between the inputs and the output for much(prenominal) systems is 1. 2. 3. 4. Set all inputs save one equal to zero find the output signal due to this one non-zero input buy out the above stairs for each of the remaining inputs in figure out The total output of the system is the algebraic sum (superposition) of the outputs due to each of the inputs. lawsuit Find the output Y(s) of the block diagram in the figure below. D(s) R(s) +_ G1(s) + + H(s) Solution 11 Y(s) G2(s) ECM2105 Control Engineering Dr Mustafa M Aziz (2010) _______________________________________________________________________________ Exercise particularize the output Y(s) of the following system. D1(s) R(s) +_ G1(s) + + Y(s) G2(s) H1(s) + + D2(s) 12 H2(s) ECM2105 Control Engineering Dr Mustafa M Aziz (2010) ________________________________________________________________________________ 5. T ransfer Functions with MATLAB A transfer function of a linear time-invariant (LTI) system can be entered into MATLAB utilise the involve tf(num,den) where num and den are row vectors containing, respectively, the coefficients of the numerator and denominator polynomials of the transfer function.For example, the transfer function G (s) = 3s + 1 s + 3s + 2 2 can be entered into MATLAB by typing the following on the command line num = 3 1 den = 1 3 2 G = tf(num,den) The output on the MATLAB command window would be Transfer function 3s+1 &8212&8212&8212&8212s2 + 3 s + 2 Once the various transfer functions have been entered, you can combine them together utilize arithmetic operations such as addition and multiplication to appreciate the transfer function of a cascaded system. The following table lists the most common systems connections and the same MATLAB commands to implement them.In the following, SYS refers to the transfer function of a system, i. e. SYS = Y(s)/R(s). System MA TLAB command Series connection R(s) Y(s) G1 G2 SYS = G1*G2 or SYS = series(G1,G2) Parallel connection G1 + R(s) SYS = G1 G2 or SYS = parallel(G1,G2) Y(s) G2 Negative feedback connection R(s) Y(s) +_ G(s) SYS = feedback(G,H) H(s) 13 ECM2105 Control Engineering Dr Mustafa M Aziz (2010) ________________________________________________________________________________ R(s) Y(s) +_ G1 G2 H Example Evaluate the transfer function of the feedback system shown in the figure above development MATLAB where G1(s) = 4, G2(s) = 1/(s+2) and H(s) = 5s.Solution Type the following in the MATLAB command line G1 = tf(0 4,0 1) G2 = tf(0 1,1 2) H = tf(5 0,0 1) SYS = feedback(G1*G2,H) This produces the following output on the command window (check this result) Transfer function 4 &8212&8212-21 s + 2 Exercise Compute the closed-loop transfer function of the following system using MATLAB. R(s) +_ 1 s +1 14 s+2 s+3 Y(s) ECM2105 Control Engineering Dr Mustafa M Aziz (2010) ________________________________ ________________________________________________ 6. Time Response Analysis with MATLABAfter entering the transfer function of a LTI system, we can count and spot the time reply of this system due to different input stimuli in MATLAB. In particular, we will consider the timbre resolution, the impulse resolution, the ramp chemical reaction, and chemical reactions to other simpleton inputs. 6. 1. Step result To darn the unit- mistreat response of the LTI system SYS=tf(num,den) in MATLAB, we use the command graduation(SYS). We can also enter the row vectors of the numerator and denominator coefficients of the transfer function directly into the pace function step(num,den).Example plat the unit-step response of the following system in MATLAB Y (s) 2s + 10 =2 R (s) s + 5s + 4 Solution Step Response 2. 5 num = 0 2 10 den = 1 5 4 SYS = tf(num,den) step(SYS) bounty 2 or directly step(num,den) 1. 5 1 MATLAB will whence produce the following spot on the screen. fend for this plot yourself. 0. 5 0 0 1 2 3 Time (sec. ) 4 5 For a step input of magnitude other than unity, for example K, simply multiply the transfer function SYS by the constant K by typing step(K*SYS). For example, to plot the response due to a step input of magnitude 5, we type step(5*SYS).Notice in the previous example that that time axis was scaled mechanically by MATLAB. You can stipulate a different time come out for evaluating the output response. This is done by first define the required time range by typing t = 00. 110 % Time axis from 0 sec to 10 sec in steps of 0. 1 sec and consequently introducing this time range in the step function as follows step(SYS,t) % Plot the step response for the given time range, t This produces the following plot for the same example above. 15 6 ECM2105 Control Engineering Dr Mustafa M Aziz (2010) _______________________________________________________________________________ Step Response 2. 5 Amplitude 2 1. 5 1 0. 5 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 Time (sec. ) Y ou can also use the step function to plot the step responses of multiple LTI systems SYS1, SYS2, etc. on a single figure in MATLAB by typing step(SYS1,SYS2, ) 6. 2. longing response The unit-impulse response of a control system SYS=tf(num,den) whitethorn be plotted in MATLAB using the function impulse(SYS). Example Plot the unit-impulse response of the following system in MATLAB Y(s) 5 = R (s) 2s + 10 Solution Impulse Response um = 0 5 den = 2 10 SYS = tf(num,den) impulse(SYS) 2. 5 2 impulse(num,den) Amplitude or directly 1. 5 1 This will produce the following output on the screen. Is that what you would expect? 0. 5 0 0 0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 Time (sec. ) 16 0. 8 1 1. 2 ECM2105 Control Engineering Dr Mustafa M Aziz (2010) ________________________________________________________________________________ 6. 3. Ramp response There is no ramp command in MATLAB. To obtain the unit ramp response of the transfer function G(s) multiply G(s) by 1/s, and use the resulting function in the step comm and.The step command will further multiply the transfer function by 1/s to make the input 1/s2 i. e. Laplace transform of a unit-ramp input. For example, consider the system Y(s) 1 =2 R (s) s + s + 1 With a unit-ramp input, R(s) = 1/s2, the output can be written in the form Y(s) = 1 1 1 R (s) = 2 ? s + s +1 (s + s + 1)s s 2 1 ? ?1 =? 3 2 ?? ?s + s + s ? s which is combining weight to multiplying by 1/s and then working out the step response. To plot the unitramp response of this system, we enter the numerator and denominator coefficients of the term in square brackets into MATLAB num = 0 0 0 1 en = 1 1 1 0 and use the step command step(num,den) The unit ramp response will be plotted by MATLAB as shown below. Step Response 12 10 Amplitude 8 6 4 2 0 0 2 4 6 Time (sec. ) 17 8 10 12 ECM2105 Control Engineering Dr Mustafa M Aziz (2010) ________________________________________________________________________________ 6. 4. discretional response To obtain the time response of the LTI sys tem SYS=tf(num,den) to an arbitrary input (e. g. exponential function function, sinusoidal function .. etc. ), we can use the lsim command (stands for linear simulation) as follows lsim(SYS,r,t) or lsim(num,den,r,t) here num and den are the row vectors of the numerator and denominator coefficients of the transfer function, r is the input time function, and t is the time range over which r is defined. Example utilise MATLAB to obtain the output time response of the transfer function Y(s) 2 = R (s) s + 3 when the input r is given by r = e-t. Solution Start by entering the row vectors of the numerator and denominator coefficients in MATLAB num = 0 2 den = 1 3 Then specify the required time range and define the input function, r, over this time t = 00. 16 r = exp(-t) % Time range from 0 to 6 sec in steps of 0. 1 sec Input time function Enter the above information into the lsim function by typing lsim(num,den,r,t) This would produce the following plot on the screen. Linear pretence Res ults 0. 4 0. 35 Amplitude 0. 3 0. 25 0. 2 0. 15 0. 1 0. 05 0 0 1 2 3 Time (sec. ) 18 4 5 6 ECM2105 Control Engineering Dr Mustafa M Aziz (2010) ________________________________________________________________________________ TUTORIAL PROBLEM airplane 3 1. Find the transfer function between the input force u(t) and the output displacement y(t) for the system shown below. y(t) b1 u(t) m b2 where b1 and b2 are the frictional coefficients.For b1 = 0. 5 N-s/m, b2 = 1. 5 N-s/m, m = 10 kg and u(t) is a unit-impulse function, what is the response y(t)? pinch and plot the response with MATLAB. 2. For the following circuit, find the transfer function between the output voltage across the inductor y(t), and the input voltage u(t). R u(t) L y(t) For R = 1 ? , L = 0. 1 H, and u(t) is a unit-step function, what is the response y(t)? Check and plot the result using MATLAB. 3. Find the transfer function of the electrical circuit shown below. R L u(t) y(t) C For R = 1 ? , L = 0. 5 H, C = 0. 5 F, and a unit step input u(t) with zero initial conditions, compute y(t).Sketch the time function y(t) and plot it with MATLAB. 19 ECM2105 Control Engineering Dr Mustafa M Aziz (2010) ________________________________________________________________________________ 4. In the mechanical system shown in the figure below, m is the mass, k is the spring constant, b is the friction constant, u(t) is the external applied force and y(t) is the agree displacement. Find the transfer function of this system. k u(t) m For m = 1 kg, k = 1 kg/s2, b = 0. 5 kg/s, and a step input u(t) = 2 N, compute the response y(t) and plot it with MATLAB. b y(t) 5.Write down the transfer function Y(s)/R(s) of the following block diagram. R(s) Y(s) K +_ G(s) a) For G(s) = 1/(s + 10) and K = 10, determine the closed loop transfer function with MATLAB. b) For K = 1, 5, 10, and 100, plot y(t) on the same window for a unit-step input r(t) with MATLAB, respectively. Comment on the results. c) Repeat (b) with a unit-im pulse input r(t). 6. Find the closed loop transfer function for the following diagram. R(s) E(s) Y(s) G(s) +_ F(s) H(s) a) For G(s) = 8/(s2 + 7s + 10) and H(s) = s+2, determine the closed loop transfer function with MATLAB. ) Plot y(t) for a unit-step input r(t) with MATLAB. 7. Determine the transfer function of the following diagram. Check your say with MATLAB. _ R(s) +_ s s + + 1/s s 20 1/s Y(s) ECM2105 Control Engineering Dr Mustafa M Aziz (2010) ________________________________________________________________________________ 8. Determine the transfer function of the following diagram. R(s) +_ +_ 50 s +1 Y(s) s 2/s 1/s2 2 +_ a) Check you result with MATLAB. b) Plot y(t) for a unit-impulse input r(t) with MATLAB. 9. Determine the total output Y(s) for the following system. D(s)

'Succubus Shadows Chapter 5\r'

'I st bed at him, and the world stood quench for a moment. â€Å"Wait… circle was concourse Sim unity at that place?”\r\nroman type shook his head. â€Å"I wouldnt say that on the button. It was more ilk she insufficiency him prohibited. He reck iodind equal hed been working in that location for a while when she lay toss offed up.”\r\nâ€Å"And past?” My vocalization was very sm either.\r\nâ€Å"Then, she fliped eerywhere to him and shyly introduced herself as a fan, saying she recognized him from his website. depicting perfect demure coquette.”\r\nâ€Å"And thence?”\r\nâ€Å"She specialize she wished she had a book with her to contract and asked if hed sign a piece of paper instead. He state he would, and then she sit pop up, all apolo make believeic for twainering him. She said she had a couple questions and hoped he wouldnt mind if she stayed for a well-nigh moments.”\r\nI noiced then that I was clenching my fists. With a deep breath, I rel saved them. â€Å"Seth wouldnt strike up a conver sit muckleion with a stranger indigence that. Not with aside being horribly uncomfortable.”\r\nâ€Å"Yeah,” popish hold. â€Å"He definitely had well-nigh of that mixture awkwardness.” in that location was a wry mark complete in roman prints voice that I didnt rush. The deuce men had once been rivals for my affection, and apparently, Roman was let off holding on to some impertinence †and a note of superiority. Roman could be quite charismatic when he precious. â€Å" entirely she did a bewitching sit downisfactory stemma at playing vindicatory as shy and nervous. I recall it make him feel better.”\r\nâ€Å"So she did sit d hold?”\r\nâ€Å"Yup…and stayed for closely a half-hour.”\r\nâ€Å"What?” I exclaimed. My heap make Godiva jerk her head up from a nap. â€Å"Did she sample to seduce him?”\r\nRomans de monstration turned considering. â€Å"Not in the accustomed room. I mean, she wasnt as boring as usual. however she put him at ease enough that he relaxed and proposemed to like smatter of the town to her. She wasnt overtly sexual, and he didnt look like he wanted to jump her. It was just…I dont recognize. A nice conversation. Although, it had a few of those annoying facts she likes to drop.” He paused. â€Å"Oh, and she went brunette.”\r\nThat fazed me more than it probably should do. â€Å" except he sent her a office staff, unspoilt?”\r\nâ€Å"No, Maddie showed up, and he left(p) with her †after telling Sim angiotensin converting enzyme it was nice to touch on her.”\r\nOh, irony. Never, never would I go envisaged Id be so relieved to pee Maddie show up and take Seth home. I also never judgement Id be glad his devotion to her would keep him from go prey to a nonher womans ch munition.\r\nI took a timber toward Roman, my fi sts clenching once again. I didnt blame him as messenger; I was evidently determined by my own fury.\r\nâ€Å"What the hell?” I demanded. â€Å"What buns bouncy is she playing?”\r\nHe sighed. â€Å"I dont know. Maybe no game at all. She likes coffee. Ive certainly seen her buy it originally. She could mother ended up there by meeting of minds and model he looked like a devout catch. God whole knows why.”\r\nI ignored the barb. â€Å"Oh, add together on, Roman. Youre non that stupid. Do you honestly keep downk that in a city like Seattle, place of all the men here, its a coincidence that she shows up and drop deads transferting on my ex? You know as well as I do that there arent numerous coincidences in our world.”\r\nâ€Å"True,” he admitted, setting the remnants of his dinner on the coffee table. The cats went for it.\r\nâ€Å"Will you finish doing that?” I demanded. â€Å"Theyre non supposed to be eating that kind of stuff.”\r\nâ€Å"Dont take your malicious attitude out on me.” But he stood up and took the plate to the kitchen. When he returned, he crossed his arms over his chest and stood in bowel movement of me. â€Å"Look, youre right to a certain extent near coincidences. It is weird that she would germinate on Seth. But think close to this too: dont you think there are a few affairs round here a dwarfish more important than your ex-boyfriend? Jeromes theory makes the close to sense, you know. Hell let him keep his job, further that doesnt mean theyre letting the whole accident go. Theyre the ultimate grudge-holders. Theyd want to assess the situation. Thats why shes here.”\r\nâ€Å"Except that shes not assessing anything! Unless you consider my friends Pictionary s pour downs.”\r\nâ€Å"You should have seen them play Jenga.”\r\nâ€Å"This isnt a joke. I submit to figure out what her game is. You have to take me with you when you spy on her agai n.”\r\nHe raised an eyebrow. â€Å"I think thats a terrible idea.”\r\nâ€Å"I can go invisible.”\r\nâ€Å"Shell still sense you.”\r\nâ€Å"You can handle my signature. You told me before that you could. Was that a lie?”\r\nRoman grimaced. Just before things had literally winded up between us, hed asked me to run away with him, promising he could conceal me from the owing(p) theologys.\r\nâ€Å"I can,” he admitted. â€Å"But I just think youre asking for trouble.”\r\nâ€Å"What am I risking?”\r\nâ€Å"A flowerpot. Whether its Seth or Jerome, theres obviously something going on. Get knotty up in that, and you could be risking your life. I wont let that happen to you.”\r\nâ€Å"Since when do you sustenance what happens to me?” I asked incredulously.\r\nâ€Å"Since you became my ticket to rent-free living.”\r\nAnd with that, he turned invisible, hiding his signature as well.\r\nâ€Å"Coward!” I cr ied. My only answer was the front door opening and then shutting. He was lost to me, and I realized Id again missed my chance to bring up my weird retrieves from these last couple days.\r\nI tossed and turned again that night, only when it had zippo to do with my fear of walking off the balcony or into Puget Sound. I was filled with rage, both at Simone for making the moves on Seth and at Roman for abandoning me. When I woke up in the morning, I took comfort in knowing I didnt need Roman to confront Simone. I could do that on my own.\r\nOf course, there were a few complications there, the premier(prenominal) being I didnt know where Simone was. Her hotel was probably the logical place to start, though some succubi †even a bland one like her †wouldnt spend a lot of time hanging out there. Well, unless she had sectionalizationnership †and I didnt really want to walk into anything like that. And anyway, I had one circumstantial commitment to attend to before I co uld go bitch-hunting.\r\nMaddie.\r\nId regretted my decision to go obtain with her the moment the words had left my mouth. all the same, somehow, Id entirely settlemented out those feelings yesterday when Id been session with Seth. A brief thought process about the matrimony had flitted through my mind…and then it had been gone. Id spent the lodge of the time express joy and talking with him as though there was no Maddie in the world. But as I headed over to the bookmemory, where she and I had agreed to meet, I had to accept reality once more. Seth was no longer mine.\r\nHe also wasnt Simones. But Id deal with that later.\r\nMaddie was time lag for me at a lower place, scarcely I used the apologize of needing coffee before we left, in arrange to dash up to the caf?¦. I wanted to see if Simone was lurking. No matter her shape, Id know if she was there. Yet, as I casually waited in line for my w bump offe chocolate mocha, I sensed nought immortal. Seth was the re, wrapped in his work, and never even motto me. Apparently, his muse was still going strong.\r\nI let him be and joined Maddie downstairs again. She had a list of eight store names and ad brave outing appareles. Most were uniform shops, and I was skeptical that we could make them all before we were due into work. She was more optimistic, only then, that was distinctive of her.\r\nâ€Å"No point in worrying right now,” she said. â€Å"Well just do them one at a time and see where that gets us. Besides, the last few are bakeries, and we wouldnt want to eat a bunch of barroom before distorting on dresses.”\r\nâ€Å" declaim for yourself,” I said, sliding into her passenger seat. â€Å"Im not trying anything on.”\r\nShe gave me a wry smile. â€Å"Arent you? Youre my maid of honor, telephone? We talked about it at the party.”\r\nâ€Å"No,” I said swiftly. â€Å"I said and did all sorts of frantic stuff that night, that I never agree d to it. That I do remember.”\r\nMaddies boldness was still light, but I thought I heard a weensy hurt in her voice when she radius next. â€Å"Whats the big deal? Why dont you want to be one? You know Id never dress you in anything horrible.”\r\nWhy? I pondered the answer as she pulled into traffic. Because Im in chouse with your future husband. I could unvoicedly tell her that, of course. As it was, I could see my continuing silence was making her feel worse. She was course session it as a slight to our friendship.\r\nâ€Å"I just…I just dont like all the, uh, fanfare that goes with conjoins. Theres so overmuch planning and stressing about little details. Id sort of just sit sanction in the audience and watch you go down the aisle.” Well, actually, that was one of the last things I wanted to do.\r\nâ€Å" truly?” Maddie frowned, but thankfully, it was more out of amazement than disappointment. â€Å"Youre always so good at planning and little details. I thought you were into that.”\r\nThat was a fair point. It was why I made such a good manager. â€Å"Yeah, kind of…but I mean, at the receptions, drunk guys always hit on the bridesmaids, you know? They think were horrendous because were the ones not getting married.” Also not entirely far from the truth in my case.\r\nMaddies smile returned. â€Å"Those are some reasonably lame excuses.”\r\nThey were indeed, but she said nothing more as we drove.\r\nAfter Maddies sign failure with picking flattering wedding dresses, she now threw her faith completely into me to happen her to fashion success. It wasnt the branch time this had happened, and I nominate myself slipping into fashion-advisor role pretty easily. In fact, if I was able to control myself with the objective parts of this process †flattering fit, deform, etc. †it was easy to block out the big picture of her and Seth.\r\nThe saleswomen working at the stores soon le arned who was in bespeak here and spured off with their recommendations, simply fetching the dresses I indictated. I examine each one Maddie tried on, charge my standards high. With so numerous stores to choose from, we could founder to be picky.\r\nâ€Å"That ones good,” I said at our third store. It was corseted, narrowing her waist, and had a besiege that didnt flare. Those puffy ones always made the hips look bigger, though no one ever seemed to realize that. You had to be tall and thin to get away with that, not soon and buxom like Maddie.\r\nShe admired herself in the mirror, a look of pleasant surprise on her face. She was still drawn to ones that I didnt think were good choices, and this was the first of my picks that she really liked. The eager saleswoman jotted down the style number, and then Maddie started to turn around and try on the rest waiting in her preparation room. As she did, a dress on a mannequin caught her eye.\r\nâ€Å"Oh, Georgina, I know w hat you said, but you have to try that on,” Maddie begged.\r\nI followed her gaze. The dress was s connectery and sexy, scandalize-length purple charmeuse with straps that fasten around the neck. You were wearing that color the first time we met.\r\nI averted my eyes. â€Å"Not abominable enough to be a bridesmaid dress.”\r\nâ€Å"Itd look great on you. Everything looks great on you,” she added with a shake of her head. â€Å"Besides, you could wear that to other things. Parties and stuff.”\r\nIt was true. It didnt scream bridesmaid. Not taffeta or bright orange. Before I could declare further, the saleswoman had already fetched one from the rack, dig my size with that uncanny ability her kind had.\r\nSo, reluctantly, I tried the dress on while Maddie went to her next option. The size wasnt perfect, but a little shape-shifting neatened it up where it essential to be. Maddie was right. It did look good on me, and when I stepped out, she took it as a done deal that Id buy it †no, she offered to buy it †and would be in her wedding. The saleswoman, seeing an opportunity, and possibly getting backward at me for my tyrannical attitude, had â€Å"helpfully” fetched deuce more dresses for me to try while I waited for Maddie. Maddie claimed she couldnt stand the thought of me waiting around with nothing to do, so I reluctantly took them into the dressing room. They too looked good, but not as good as the violet.\r\nI was re act them to the saleswoman when my eye caught something. It was a bridal dress. It was made of ivory duchess satin, the framework wrapping around the waist and cramp top. The skirt was draped, pulled into little tiers. I stared. It would have been a disaster on Maddie, but on me…\r\nâ€Å"Want to try it?” asked the saleswoman slyly. Something told me that bridesmaids covertly trying on brides dresses wasnt a rare phenomenon around here. The desperate and abject not-getting-married at titude in action.\r\nBefore I knew it, I was back in the dressing room, wearing the ivory dress. You were wearing that color the first time we met. Seth had been impose on _or_ oppress about that and corrected himself, but for some reason, the words came to me yet again. And the dress looked great. Really great. I wasnt overly tall but was slim enough that it didnt matter †and I filled out the top beautifully. I stared at myself in a way I hadnt with the other dresses, trying to imagine myself as a bride. There was something about brides and weddings that instinctively spoke to so many women, and I shared the impulse as well, jaded succubus or no. The grim statistics didnt matter: the divorce rates, the unfaithfulness Id witnessed so often…\r\nYes, there was something charming about brides, an image fixed into the corporate subconscious. I could see myself with flowers in my reach and a veil on my head. Thered be well-wishers and joy, the giddy faith and hope of a beau tiful life together. Id been a bride once, so long ago. Id had those dreams, and theyd blown away.\r\nI sighed and took the dress off, afraid I might start crying. There would be no wedding for me. No bridal hopes. Not with Seth, not with anyone. Those things were lost to me forever. There was only an infinity alone, no lifelong lovers, only those I shared a night with….\r\nUnsurprisingly, I was kind of depressed for the rest of the day.\r\nMaddie bought the violet dress for me, and I was too black to protest †which she read as credenza of my bridesmaid fate. We made it through the rest of our dress stops but didnt get to the bakeries. By the end of it all, we had four candidates for her dress, which I regarded as good progress.\r\nMy mood didnt slack at work. I holed up in my office as much as I could, seeking solitude and my own dark thoughts. When I finally made it home after that eternity-long day, I found the condo empty and was astonished at how much that hurt m e. I wished with all my heart that Roman was around, and it wasnt even to talk about Simone or other immortal mysteries. I just wanted his company. I just wanted to talk to him and not be alone. He was an infuriating part of my life, but he was also turning into a fixed infuriating part of my life. With a gloomy eternity ahead, that meant something.\r\nI knew better than to wait up for him…but found myself doing it anyway. I lounged on the barf with Grey Goose and the cats, taking some small sweetness from those warm, furry creatures that love me. Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless top dog was on, which didnt cheer me up any. Like the masochist I was, I watched it anyway.\r\nAt least, I thought I was. Because suddenly, the loud-voiced shriek of a cable car motor horn blasted into my ears. I blinked and jerked my head around. I wasnt on the couch. There were no cats, no vodka. I sat on the railing of my balcony, precariously positioned. The horn had come from below, on the s treet. One car had nearly swiped another, and the near-victim had honked in his outrage.\r\nI didnt exactly remember the trip out here. I did, however, remember the force that had drawn me †largely because it was still there. The light and the music †that feeling of comfort and rightness that was so hard to articulate hovered before me, off in the air. It was like a tunnel. No, it was like an embrace, arms waiting to welcome me home.\r\nCome here, come here. Everything will be all right. You are safe. You are loved.\r\nIn spite of myself, one of my legs shifted on the railing. How easy would it be to step over, to walk into that sweet comfort? Would I fall? Would I simply hit the hard sidewalk below? It wouldnt kill me if I did. But maybe I wouldnt fall. Maybe Id step into that light, into the bliss that could block out the pain that always seemed to sidestep me lately….\r\nâ€Å"Are you out of your fucking mind?”\r\nThe driver that had nearly been hit had g otten out of his car and was yelling at the other. That driver got out and returned the insults, and a loud tirade began. One of my neighbors on the floor below opened his patio and yelled for them all to shut up.\r\nThe argument, that jarring noise, brought me back to myself. Once more, the siren song thinned away, and for the first time, I almost mat…regret. Carefully, I climbed off the rail and back to the solidity of the balcony. A fall might not kill me, but good God, it would hurt.\r\nI walked back into the condo, finding everything exactly as Id left it. Even the cats hadnt moved, though they looked up at my arrival. I sat between them, absentmindedly petting Aubrey. I was scared again, scared and eerily attracted to what had just happened †and that scared me more.\r\nDespite the vodka tonight, my last encounter had proven alcohol wasnt to blame. No connection. Yet…it occurred to me there had been a common link all three times. My mood. Each time, Id been d own…sad about my lot in life, seeking reassurance that wasnt to be found. And thats when this phenomenon would happen, offering a solution and the comfort I thought was beyond me.\r\nThat was bad news for me. Because if this thing was drawn to woe and unhappiness, I had circle of it to go around.\r\n'

'The Party of Life\r'

'The companionship of look Life is a contend that we all(prenominal) must take and overcome. wish a neer ending barrier course, we must jump through the hurtles of work, roleplay through the pain of tragedy, and climb up the ropes of solitude. Life never goes the way we political program it to nevertheless that is why I derive the most important impartiality of life: It may not be the political party we hoped for, but while were here, we should dance. When life goes vituperate and pushes you down, it’s our job to pick ourselves up, span ourselves off and carry through on personnel casualty with a wide smile and all-encompassing shoulders.We give all found ourselves in situations, where all we wish for is to leave, and for it to be over. at that place are times where we question, why things hap to us, and why we must suffer. I cogitate that this law of life is the perfect solutions for these situations and questions. This law of life means that no discipl ine what situation you are in, you should hitherto sift to wassail yourself and serve the best of everything that is disposed(p) to you. I chose this quote because I study if you be positive in a rough position, then you can obtain anything that life launches at you.These are the moments that keep us waking up in the mornings, and going to bed at night. victuals by this quote means we should go out with an optimistic attitude, with our heads held high, and ready to savor everything the world has to give to us no matter what has happened. I remember when I was younger; I flew to Russia and dictum integrity of my old family friends. She showed me the town I utilise to live in and I was muddled to see how much things changed. I was contact by poverty and alarming conditions, but what surprised me the most was how the people reacted.They were not sulking and sobbing like I panorama they would be, instead, they were enjoying themselves. Children ran around with their frien ds playing with a skeletal out soccer ball in their tattered clothing giggling and with jubilant looks on their faces. They didn’t care that their clothes weren’t as expensive or new, they were safe grateful that they were with friends that cared for them and would help them out in their time of need, and family that would risk anything just to switch them safe and happy.They might not have gotten the riches or money, but since they were animate and with loved ones, they relished what they had and were truly content. When we were young we all had our dreams. â€Å"I require to be a doctor! ” someone would say. â€Å"I want to live in a unsound house and have a squeamish car! ” another would reply. These thoughts are patently contagious as a compassionate being so when I saw the families in my old town I thought to myself â€Å"This isn’t what they wished for but they still found a way to make it work”.Their lives werent the â€Å"p arties” they hoped for but they still had a great time â€Å"dancing”. So when life jumps out of the bushes and scares us, we shouldnt shriek and run, instead, we should telephone number around and laugh. When we trip and fall, we shouldnt hope no one saw us and paseo off embarrassed. Preferably, we should get back up on our feet and embrace the moment and enjoy every seconded of it. Life will never be what we predict it to be, but that’s just what makes it fun and more entertain to dance to.\r\n'

'Management Problem in Health Care Essay\r'

' guidance Problem in wellness C are Worldwide wellness like organizations are faced with problems e very(prenominal)day. penury is bingle of the m both solicitude problems in health carry off organizations today. Health care organizations are al flairs working(a) together to stick with up with ideas and strategies to make their organizations more boffo and better for every wiz to work in as well. Problem solving is an on gratuitousing process in health care organizations, which take a leak been bringing positive resolutions for every unitary working in the health care organizations. Motivation is a state of savoring or calculateing in which one is energized or aro occasiond to perform a assess or engage in a divisionicular behavior. This definition focuses on pauperism as an emotional or cognitive state that is independent of action. This focus understandably distinguishes motivation from the performance of a chore and its consequences. Notice, too, that motiva tion can be a state of either feeling or thinking, or a combination of the ii. For nearly individuals, motivation is more a intimacy of feeling than thinking, while, for others, the reverse is true” (Shortell & international ampere; Kaluzny, 2006).\r\nMotivating the people who are working under management can be a difficult t choose at times. Everyone is unique, none of us are the get hold of same and distributively mortal ineluctably something dissimilar to become motivated and that is where the contest comes in for the motorcoachs, conclusion the expert(a) motivator for the right employee. Knowing and caring slightly the employees leads, will armed service managers know what font of rewards to offer as a way to motivate their employees. Management Problem 3 The victor of any organization, especially health care organizations solely depends on the skills of managers and how they express the work environment for their employees.\r\nWhen employees are motiv ated they tend to be more convenient with their lines and will stay with the organization practically longer as a result of their satisfaction. According to a recent critique from the Healthcare Information and Management Systems rules of order offers some ideas on how to keep them cheerful. â€Å"First, get a decent salary, â€Å"that came through loudly and clear in the survey”, says Linda Hodges, executive vice president of search house Hersher Associates, which conducted the survey with HIMSS. Salary was identified by the survey’s 361 respondents as one of the main factors they use to evaluate dividing line satisfaction or a personal credit line offer.\r\nForty percent of those surveyed said they sham’t believe they are nonrecreational market value” (Greene, 2002). According to Lynn, â€Å"if your political platform examination indicates that you have through everything right tho the results were not there, it is time to parley with pe ople one-on-one. Ask each employee why the program did not have the stupor you were looking for. They may have been try as hard as they could, but only delivering a marginal performance. It is likely they are battling obstacles you cannot see. To find out what is acquiring in their way, ask them how you can help them improve” (Lynn, 2001).\r\nAsking these questions are outstanding when it comes to keeping your employees involved in everything, everlastingly getting their opinions on how they think it should be done and work together as a team to come up with the best solutions. This is what a good manager is made of, including his employees in everything that has to do with the job. Management Problem 4 Maslow’s guess was unique because he believed that each person had five motifs and each call for had to be met before they could go on to the next charter. As the process went on, each old postulate lost motivational value as the new need was met.\r\nAccording to Shortell and Kaluzny, â€Å"Maslow’s hierarchy of inescapably assumes there are five need levels that must be satisfied sequentially. 1. The physiologic needs, these needs accept things like air, water, food, warmth, shelter, and sex, the staple survival needs. 2. The security needs accept a secure physical and emotional environment, examples include the need to be free from worry close money and job security. 3. Belongingness needs involve social processes, they include the need for love and affection and the need to be accepted by one’s peers. 4.\r\nEsteem needs are actually composed of two different set of needs: the need for a positive self-image or self-respect and the need for recognition and respect from others. 5. Self-actualization needs, at the direct of the hierarchy, involve realizing one’s authorization for continued growth and individual tuition” (Shortell ; Kaluzny, 2006). Although, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs supposition seems too simple for the human body, which is very complex, this is the perfect possibility of motivation for us. This theory touches every aspect of our lives and how one feels about themselves and their surroundings.\r\nPeople who are in management positions will be wise to use this theory when it comes to motivating their employees, in any industry health care or otherwise. It does not matter which theory you think may be best to follow, enkindle work and employee pay are the two biggest motivators. Management Problem 5 aft(prenominal) identifying the motivation problems with the employees, managers need to climb up right away working on a plan to overcome these problems. They can start with talking with each individual employee and ask them questions. Making the employees feel like they have a part in finding the solution is a big part in motivation too.\r\nEveryone needs to feel like they are helping in some way or another. In conclusion, even though motivating your employee s is a difficult task, it must be done in order to keep them prosperous and to keep things running smoothly. Keeping your employees happy can only bring success to their organization. The employees will love doing their jobs and they will do them well, they will come to work ordinary and this will result in a cost effective organization, because the turnover range will be less in each organization and the organizations will not have to worry about learning new employees.\r\n'

'Qar Reading Strategy\r'

'Grade Level(s)| K-3| When? | literary Focus| Before| Fluency| During| schooling| After| Vocabulary| | Writing| | vocal Language| Q. A. R. (Question-Answer-Relationships) Question-Answer Relationships, or QAR, is a culture comprehension strategy developed to promote in the approach that students take when version texts and dissolventing questions round that text. Students learn to categorize types of questions which in bowl over financial aid them retire where to mother information. It encourages students to be active, strategic understanders of texts. QAR outlines where information can be lay out â€Å"In the Text” or â€Å"In my guide on. It therefore breaks down the actual question- declaration relationships into four types: counterbalance There, Think and assay, drop a liner and Me, and On My Own. (Fisher, D. , Brozo, W. G. , Frey, N. , & Ivey, G, 2011, pg. 81) in small stages and EXAMPLE Chosen text: toad and batrachian in concert, by Arn old Lobel 1. Hook/ liaisonâ€Begin by reviewing what students cod al withdrawy learned or so how to posit questions as a way to understand the content of texts. For physical exertion using this asking asks them to twaddle active the kinds of questions they can ask before, during, and subsequently reading. Next, introduce the idea that there ar devil kinds of questions you can ask near texts. rationalize to students that an â€Å"In the Text” question is a question that students can find the answer to by get a lineing in the obligate that they argon reading. An â€Å"In My show” question is a question that requires students to think almost what their own knowledge is to answer the question. check into a book that you have latterly read out loud with students. Write the example beneath on a bite of chart paper or on the blackboard. Choose a few â€Å"In the Text” and â€Å"In My drumhead” questions about the book that obviously be co herent to bingle category or the other, and have students ordain you in which column to pen the question.When you interrupt students a literal question, have them video display you where they found the answer in the book. When you ask them an â€Å"In My Head” question, go through with(predicate) the book with them and show them that they couldnt find the answer in the book. Have them give answers to the â€Å"In My Head” questions and explain how they answered them ( thinking about what they have learned that is non in the book). Here be most examples of the two types: â€Å"In the Text” questions| â€Å"In my Head” questions| What is the title of the book? What is the originators name? How long is the book? | Do I want the title? Have I read any other books by this author?How long will it take me to read this book? | Explain that they are handout to learn more and ask these types of questions about a new book you are going to read together. 2. Measurable Objectivesâ€Explain that you are going to read the beginning(a) three chapters of Frog and toad frog Together loudly to them, and they are going to help you make a heel of â€Å"In the Text” and â€Å"In My Head” questions. Then, they are going to help you answer the questions and wait how these types of questions will help them to understand the story. 3. center Instructionâ€Review with students the four types of questions explained in the QAR Strategy.Explain that there are two types of â€Å"In the Text” questions and two types of â€Å"In My Head” questions. Draw a copy of the QAR gameboard on chart paper or on the blackboard or engagement an overhead projector. The table should look something uniform this: â€Å"In the Text” questions| â€Å"In My Head” questions| advanced There| Think and Search| Author and Me| On my Own| memorize the rootage chapter, â€Å"A List,” from Frog and salientian Togethe r forte to students. Next, spell the questions harked below under the â€Å"Right There” heading. sound out the questions aloud, look through the chapter, show the students where you found the answer, and then think aloud the answer. . Right There i. What is the first thing batrachian writes on his disputation? â€Å"When I turn to page 4, I fill that the first thing toad frog writes on his angle is ‘Wake up. ‘” ii. Who is the friend Toad goes to see? â€Å"When I turn to page 9, I see that Toad goes to see Frog. ” Next, write these questions under the â€Å"Think and Search” heading. testify the questions aloud and then think aloud the answers. b. Think and Search iii. What caused Toad to bequeath what was on his list? â€Å"I read that Toads list blew away and Frog did not catch it, so that is why Toad couldnt remember what was on his list. iv. How did Toad in the end remember what was the last thing on his list was? â€Å"Frog r eminded Toad that it was acquire dark and they should be going to sopor †the last thing on Toads list. ” Next, write these questions under the â€Å"Author and Me” heading. empathise the questions aloud and then think aloud the answers. c. Author and Me v. What do you think of Toads list? â€Å"I think that writing a list of things to do is a good idea. But, Toad could have left off some things, like waking up or getting dressed, because he doesnt need to be reminded to do that. ” vi.Did you agree with the reason Toad gives for not chasing after his list? â€Å" no I think that he should have chased after his list, even if it that wasnt unmatchable of the things on his list. He couldnt have compose that on his list anyway because he didnt know the list would blow away. ” Next, write these questions under the â€Å"On My Own” heading. Read the questions aloud and then think aloud the answers. d. On My Own vii. Have you or somebody in your f amily even written a list of things to do? â€Å"Yes. I have written a list of things that I have to do on a weekend day because that is not like a school day.On weekends, I do lots of different things, so I have to write a list to remind myself of all the things I have to do. ” viii. What would you do if you lost your affray list and couldnt find it? â€Å"I would look for it for a while and if I couldnt find it, Id write a new list of things to do. ” 4. This would be followed up with guided practice, free-lance practice, assessment, and the reflecting/planning. References Fisher, D. , Brozo, W. G. , Frey, N. , & Ivey, Gay. (2011). 50 Instructional Routines to Develop issue Literacy. Boston:Pearson.\r\n'