Strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 2

Strategic management - leaven ExampleIn general, a campaign study on a particular business organisation provides an in-depth analysis on its operation, structure, and situation. However, a study accomplishes more than just that by giving us a view of a participation copes with the internal pressures and the external trends, challenges, and opportunity. This paper will focus on the case study entitled South African Beverages (SAB) Achieving Growth in the Global market. The main focus is to bust the central issues on the business organizations alternative strategic directions. The case lays out the large information that SAB needs to consider before it can make any strategically efficient choice. aspect closely, this wealth of information can either be classified as products of internal or environmental examine. Internal scanning essentially looks at the vision, mission, objectives, structure, strategy, core competence, strengths and weaknesses of a company while environmental scanning refers to the analysis of the external factors which affects the business organization such as opportunities, threats, trends, changes, and developments. Any strategic direction taken by SAB should always be in line with how it wants to see itself in the future and its strategic goals. The companys vision is to be one of the top five brewers in the world. In terms of organizational structure, it is apparent that SAB is employing a decentralized strategy in managing its human resource.

The History of Winter Olympic Games Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The History of Winter Olympic Games - Term constitution ExampleThe Winter Olympic Games were disrupted by both piece War 1 and World War 2. Other than the games being completely cance direct because of the war and the plans being suspended, there were strained relations after the war between the nations that had been at war and their allies (Wickenheiser, 2009). The Olympic Games were feared to be held in some nations such as the Soviet Union after the war for fear of reaction of the enemies of the Soviet Union. The Worlds Wars also led to world depression and hence after the wars, few nations were able to participate in the next wintertime Olympic Games as the rest lacked expense money. The participants even from the nations that attended were few.Doping has been a headache to the organizers of this particular swash as with many other sports. The measures claimn since 1967 eat been to perform random drug tests on the participants and illegalise those found with positive resu lts. The most common doping drugs are the performance enhancers. The other controversy that has rocked these games is the bribing of the planning delegation officials with expensive gifts in order for their countries to be selected to host the games. The most controversial and which saw 10 officials send packing is the 2002 Salt Lake City, USA Olympics (Gerlach, 2004).Politics have always been a silent but birth issue in these winter Olympic Games. Most nations still have cold war amongst themselves and they vigor them in the games. Some nations use the winter Olympic Games as an opportunity to show off to the nations and those which have been successful in the number of medals use this as a way to express their powers such as the US. The nations that have always had a grudge against each other go to the extent of skipping the winter games when they take place in the enemy country. Even though the politics are silent and not verbalized openly, it still affects the sole purpose of the games

Two-Way Bilingualism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Two-Way Bilingualism - taste ExampleEmerging results of studies of two-way bilingual programs point to their effectiveness in educating nonnative-English-speaking students, their promise of expanding our nations actors line resources by conserving the native language skills of minority students and developing second language skills in English-speaking students, and their hope of amend relationships between majority and minority groups by enhancing cross-cultural understanding and appreciation. (Donna Christian, 1994)Most Two-way bilingual programs do not segregate language minority and language majority students. They in like manner provide operating instructions in, and through, the two chosen languages. One of it is obviously the native language of the student from the minority community, and the other unitary is inevitably English. The former is also called as the target language. The programs attempt to t all(prenominal) students regular subjects while also developing their understanding of languages. To reap full rewards from this system of education, students from the two language backgrounds be in each class, and they are integrated for most or all of their content instruction. These programs are also honorable in that they create an atmosphere that promotes favorable attitudes toward both languages and their respective cultures. The program is framed in such(prenominal) a way that the students achieve expertise in both their native language and English.There are other merits to two-way bilingual programs. Firstly, they help address several serious issues facing the present say of education. They also help in creating an intuitive and easy-to-learn approach to educate the increasing number of nonnative-English-speaking students registering in American schools. This is done in an additive bilingual environment that not only encourages development of native language and English, but also ensures general academic progress. Furthermore,They promise t o expand

Business Law Coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Law Coursework - Essay Example(or Divies) under(a) the principle of secondary liability. Crates may likewise have a claim for incidentalial economic loss.For Abraham and Crates to successfully claim under the law of tort, it must be shown that the elements making up a successful claim of negligence inhabit duty, ruin, causation, and alter. In the case of Lochgelly Iron and Coal Co. v MMullan (1934), it was stated that the tort of negligence properly con nones the complex of duty, divulge and damage thereby suffered by the person to whom the duty was owing. It was likewise stated in Burton v Islington (1992) that it is at a time elementary that the tort of negligence involves three factors a duty of care, a breach of that duty and consequent damage. Based on the foregoing decisions, the tort of negligence to be actionable must have the chase elements (1) there is a legal duty of care owed by defendant to the plaintiff (2) a breach of that legal duty of care consistin g of an act or indifference by the defendant and (3) consequent damage on the part of the plaintiff as a result such act or omission by the defendant. see also Markesinis, p. 69 (1999)In the recent case of Jones v BBC, 2007 WL 2187023 (QBD), Jones, a freelance sound recording recordist for defendant BBC, claimed that he suffered personal injury caused by the negligence of the defendants. During a recording of the lowering of a windmill mast, and while Jones was walking under the inclined mast, the windmill rotor fell onto his back causing severe spinal injury rendering him paraplegic. In ruling for the claimant, the court stated that the BBC, as employer, had anticipate responsibility for the health and safety of freelancers when they work on BBC productions. Since the safety crew had identified a jeopardy of the falling mast, a discussion before filming should have been made to warn the crew not to go beneath it. But the safety crew did not give the warning. Such failure of BBC , with the safety crew, is considered negligent which caused Jones accident. It had been held that it was incumbent upon BBC, its safety crew and the owners of the farm as occupiers of the site to take travel further to those they had taken to ensure that the BBC crew did not pass under the mast during its lowering. In the instant case, the entrepot manager breached the legal duty of care required of him under the circumstances when he failed to give a safety warning or danger warning after opening the windows onto the pavement because it is reasonably foreseeable that such window obstructs the path of the pedestrian and is most likely to cause an accident. Thus, in the case of Crowther v Kirklees Metropolitan Council (2006), the claimant ambulance driver claimed damages for personal injuries she sustained when she went to the house of a patient where the street was a narrow cul-de-sac with no footpaths. When plaintiff got out of the ambulance and placed her right foot on the ste p, as it was a high drop to the road, and her left foot on the ground, it entered a large defect centred around a circular utility cover measuring 5cm in depth, 40cm in width and 46 cm in length. When her foot entered the defect, she went over on her left ankle, which she strained. In ruling for the plaintiff, the court stated that it was reasonably foreseeable that the defect could result in injury to pedestrians. The

Landmarks in Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Landmarks in medicine - Essay ExampleMusic is an let outive type of trick form, which can be used to express our emotions, talents and our imagination. Music has evolved oer time to its current modern day renditions, but if we are to select the roughly important pieces, to place in a time capsule, then I would look at to select harmony from the baroque and classical stopovers. Music from Baroque and Classic periods forms a basis in a detailed articulation of our history when we began to view medical specialty in a different light. During these periods, music became more of an art form, than just passive entertainment. Here are the 6 most important songs from the both periods and why they transmute to be put in the time capsule. Baroque music was composed with the intention of arousing the emotions of listeners. This era of music lasted for 150 years, between the years 1600-1750 (Schulenbert, 2001). This stage of musical development saw the emergence of non-religious vocal m usic, orchestral music and operas. Composers from this period, often faced many financial challenges, and most of them could only earn a life history from music if they were under the tolerate of a religious institution or a political figure. This patronage would then dictate the content of their compositions, but none the less composers were still able to come up with actually memorable and time honored compositions. Baroque period compositions can be tough tear into two distinct groups vocal (opera, oratorio and cantata) and instrumental (sonata, concerto and suite). My pick for the most influential songs from the baroque period are The Four Seasons Spring uniform resource locator http//www.rhapsody.com/artist/sofia-chamber-orchestra/album/antonio-vivaldi-the- quadruple-seasons By Antonio Vivaldi Four Seasons, as a whole, is often considered the boldest or bravest of program music from the Baroque era. Each concerto is comprised of three distinct movements one warmheartedn ess movement in a slow tempo and too fast outer movements. Antonio Vivaldi wrote the sonnets, to denote the movements of the four seasons (Schulenbert, 2001). It is also has a great influence in the era as early concertos did not have a standard form, but the success of Vivaldis Four Seasons led other composers to mimic his mode over time, which led a standard form used to play concertos. Of the four movements, winter is the most technically complicated and also more accurate in depicting nature like imitations of nature, the very inspiration of the sound. It is also very solid even if you break it down into several parts. Each part is creates its own dissonance that may be adapted and reinterpreted as a separate sound. Messiah The rise url http//www.rhapsody.com/artist/george-frideric-handel/album/handels-messiah by Handel This oratorio was originally intended as a prospect provoking work for eastern and lent, but due to its popularity, later became a common part of Christmas fe stivities that has lasted over many generations. George Frederic Handel, a German born composer, was gifted in playing music from an early age. Handels Messiah employs a unique technique dubbed text painting. This technique tries to mimic the lines of the text, to the musical notes (Schulenbert, 2001). Messiah is broken down into three parts, which follows the meaning of the text while still maintaining its opera-like qualities. Handels Messiah helped to popularize the oratorio a musical form that highlighted the performance of solo artists. The Overtures one of only two movements that is purely instrumental. By Handels time, the overture was a common, if not standard opening, of an opera and was actually meant to welcome the king in an opera. Handel, however, made this one considerably darker by playing it in E minor. It helped assist in the heroic need of the world for a Messiah. Six Suites for Unaccompanied Cello Suite No. 1 url http//www.rhapsody.com/search?query=Six+Suites+of+U naccompanied+Cello by Johann Sebastian Bach These suites were based on a set of instrumental compositions, which were similar

Ethics in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethics in Business - Essay ExampleDarren had a skirmish with his boss Sam Freemans client, Fredrick Stigler, the owner of different art galleries. He wanted Darren to exchange the people of the Puna ethnic music to weave baskets for them in new and different patterns. They patterns which the Puna kin was weaving were by world followed by them for the last couple of years. That is not only their art but also a facial expression of their culture and historical events.Keeping in mind the relevant facts related to the situation and business moral philosophy we can understand the psychological chaos faced by Darren. As Darren had developed affection with Puna tribe it was difficult for him to take any venomous decision which was not in their favor. Darren had graduated in anthropology which was other reason for his growing attachment to this cultural and historical tribe. He knew that most downfalls of society and communities would be because the societies would deaden themselv es. He knew that if he only thought about the business and profits then it would be brutal and an unethical decision for Puna tribes as they might incur losses.Darren also knew that in this big contract of Fredrick Stigler the tribe would earn a lot of money but it wouldnt do any good to their cultural values. If they would weave the baskets according to Fredrick Stiglers demand, it would be difficult for them to follow the new patterns as the baskets they make straight are the patterns that they have been following for the past many years. Keeping in mind the ethical issues in the world of business dealing, and being a dealer in this contract itself, Darren has to communicate between two parties, which are Fredrick Stigler and the Puna tribe. He has to negotiate with both parties and has to take a decision which is good and ethical for both.In corporate world business ethics is about being fair and even handed in the deals. The business is about the profit and making great deals. But when ethics and aesthetics both

Essay 1 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 18

1 - Essay idealAt the door there is a hanging on the wall showing a batting order of river fish available to the customers that day. There ar leafy trees around the shop indicating that the environment around supports plantation. pot from the region get to purchase fresh produce from the farms and fish from the shop since these products are available.The painting has a message that further reinforces the title Honest Weights and Square Dealings. This assures the customer of reliable, honest dealings and quality services. It is during the beat of a business busy schedule as indicated by presence of majority of family members. The members are fashioning an effort to attract more customers to the shop.On the poster advertising the name of the business there is a phone number at the top, meaning that the society is developed and uses mobile phones as means of communication. away(p) the kiosk two young men hold melons up close to their heads. One boy is utilise both hands showing how strong he is. Around them there are several baskets of oranges located left and right of the shop. There are berries on display at the centre of the shop. This indicates the business has no monopoly over the market. Several marketing strategies have been used such as display of fruits outside, hanging of the carte du jour which has affordable prices at the door, and the two boys outside the kiosk advertising.There are flowers outside the kiosk that adds aesthetical value, attracts and makes the shopping area attractive. The flowers beautify the place implying the kiosk cares for their social welfare, quality and hygiene. A small female child curtseys and welcomes the customers into the shop. The photo shows two gentlemen inside the kiosk ushering in customers indicating that the services being offered in the shop are friendly.The back door is visible and it leads to another room. This family has used a portion

How businesses comply with legislations regarding sales over the Essay

How telephone circuites comply with legislations regarding sales over the internet - Essay ExampleE-Commerce is the new way of doing business in to mean solar days world of the internet. It allows vendors to utilize several convenient channels in aver to deliver products and any necessary reading directly to the customer. It does this at a lower cost than the accomplished methods. The benefit to the consumer is the obtention of numerous choices for purchasing goods and services without restrictions of time and space. This new way of buying and interchange has not only had influence on the peoples way of living, but has also do them to adapt to novel behavioural methods in order to use such technology in their day to day life. However, several legal issues have arisen due to the lacuna in many of the existing legislations, which had not been drafted with the considerations of electronic transactions that deal the buying and the selling of intangible products via non-physical bor der networks (Kwok, Yang and Tam, 2004).Distance selling regulations are those that protect people who make purchases by phone, e mail, internet or digital television. The protection offered to consumers is first, the refine to obtain unambiguous information about available goods and services secondly, written confirmation of such information thirdly, provision of a seven working day period within which a consumer can override the contract and lastly, protection from credit card fraud (The Consumer Protection (Distance Selling) Regulations 2000, 31st August 2000). In addition, E commerce Regulations make the EC Directive on E commerce into UK law. This Directive requires Member States to fasten that contracts can be completed electronically. On the 21st of August 2002 The electronic Commerce Directive & The Electronic Commerce (EC Directive) Regulations 2002, brought into UK law most of the provisions of the Electronic Commerce Directive 2000/31/EC (The

Criminology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Criminology - Research Paper casefulLater Robert King Merton seized on this idea of anomie and further refined it into what we now know as Strain Theory. (Featherstone, 2003) This and other theories of criminology such a labeling, which is stereotyping someone with criminal behavior, all depend on environmental factors alone. However there is another side that is overlooked by environmental theories and that is the nature of the person involve in criminal behavior. This is the consummate debate between Nature versus Nurture. Do Criminals agree an innate(p) rilievo from birth that lead them astray or are they created as a result of their environment? This wallpaper will explore both sides of this issue, singling out note theory as the environmental factor, and researching the genetic side, the innate behavior in human beings and its influence on behavior. Environmental Influence Strain Theory This strain begins in early adulthood and adolescence, as children are exposed to the environment of everyday living. Those in poorer considerateness with less opportunity to reach out the goals they see presented in the media are often frustrated and anxiety ridden. The brotherly strain theory of iniquity is based on the idea that delinquency results when individuals are unable to achieve their goals through legitimate channels. (Sullivan & Wilson, 1995 p. 1) The most obvious example of this is the Gangsta culture that is often promoted on some levels as the way that those without the legitimate means whitethorn attain those goals. But this is nothing new, the deification of criminals certainly has been a recurring theme throughout history and the romanticizing of their crimes leads to an unrealistic portrayal of possibilities for the maturing adolescent. One of the earliest strains in the purport of a juvenile is the search for legitimate employment. Again, dependent on circumstantial variables of education and cultural military controls may be difficult to find and lead to feeling of persecution and prejudice Sociological accounts often note that delinquency is an invention of western industrialized society and the separation of childhood from the adult world of work. As job security becomes more(prenominal) precarious in western economies, and as adult unemployment linked to instill trial becomes more common, the lasting significance of the counterschool subculture of delinquency in the life course may become more salient for some adults. (Hagan, 1997, p. 121) This counterschool subculture is perhaps one of the most deleterious results of the social strain concept. Difficulties in school are often one of the benchmarks of the evolving delinquent. First seen as the failure of the child or parent and accordingly of the school system, these children often have no recourse but to find alternate means of attaining stipulation and capital. Several theories emphasize how stress or strain can motivate criminal behavior so strongly that possible constraints are ignored. Therefore age and crime may be related because many potential stresses or strains are age-linked. (Tittle & Grasmick, 1997, p. 321) On the microcosmic level of the young adult this can have many differing ramifications. An unsettling home environment often precipitates failure in school and exposure to abuse or neglect is often present in these conditions. These strains

Lesson Plan for The Diary of a Killer Cat by Anne Fine Essay

Lesson Plan for The Diary of a Killer spew by Anne Fine - Essay ExampleThey whitethorn appreciate the differences and learn how to develop a story.The evaluation of children would be done separately for each objective of the lesson be after. For vocabulary lesson, vocabulary sheets would be filled bulge out from all the students. They will be assessed on the number of words they get right.A peer ret study will be conducted for the dramatic representation of different passages of the book. The class will vote for the group whose surgical operation they liked best on the basis of pastime the script, creativity and good acting.Adaptations in teaching plan will be made according to any known weakness of a child. Further more, following the assessment results, individual attention will be given to the children with weak performances.The teacher will grow with reading out aloud the beginning of the book. It is proposed in the anticipatory set that the teacher would pause here and ask the children regarding how they would expect the plot to develop. Such an activity is included so that the reading of the book doesnt appear monotonous to the children and they apportionn interest in the story. Also it would stimulate their imagination and allow them to take up the role of story writers themselves hence providing them an opportunity to enhance their creative thinking skills. Furthermore, the teacher may pause at later instances as well to ask general questions regarding what has been read. Such an exercise would respect the students alert and allow greater comprehension skills to develop as well.As the story would be read aloud to them, the children would be encouraged to make a list of the new words they come across. At the end of the reading session theyll be handed out student dictionaries and showed the manner in which they suffer locate the meaning of a desired word. Such an activity would work to teach the use of

Business Organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Business Organisations - Essay ExampleThis drawing cardship is not about winning turns running the meeting. It is rather about promoting a better way of doing things or a new product. some(prenominal) a(prenominal) studies have shown that good leaders tend to have certain qualities such as they have technological and specific skill of some task, have a clear sense of purpose, they be optimistic, work well(p) with others, and believe that they can make a difference, can nurture the people around them i.e. delegate tasks, sensible of the environment and themselves, be empathetic, direct all actions towards the goals and the mission and are role models for others.There are many theories on which leadership expressive style should be adopted, but each leadership style or ascend used depends on the culture of the organisation and the task at hand. As all things, these approaches have their advantages and disadvantages, and in some situations it is better to use a particular type of approach over another.Leadership has been mostly categorized into determinate approaches, behavioural approaches, trait approaches, transformational approaches and contingency approaches. Each approach has many theories within it. The classical approach contains the autocratic style, bureaucratic style, democratic style and the Laissez-faire.The autocratic style is the one in which the leader or omnibus retains control and power of decision making. Studies have shown that an autocratic leadership style leads to mellow absenteeism and labour turnover. There is low employee morale and the employees become dependent on the tutor for decision making. bureaucratic is when the manager goes by the book, follows procedure and policy, and if something is not in the book than he refers to his senior. This type of leadership style can be used when the job is routine, or when working with dangerous equipment and hazardous chemicals. It should not be used when employees start to lose inte rest in their job and do only what is expected of them and no more. A democratic style encourages participation, sharing of information and problem solving responsibilities. It is a way of instruct the employees to reach their full potential, although the final say lies with the coach. It is appropriate to use this style when the employee is skilled and the leader trusts to stand the employees with opportunities, encourage team work, the task is very complex and requires input form all employees or when an organisational depart needs to be made. It is not effective when there is a lack of time, it costs more to make water everybodys input, the business in not in a condition to make mistakes, employee safety is vital and the manager feels insecure about delegating. Laissez-faire style is a do it yourself style. The leader provides no guidance. This is effective when the employees are highly skilled and know what they are doing. They are trustworthy and have experience in the fie ld, and are experts. An example of this can be engineers and scientists working in the research and development department. They know what they want and how they want the end result to look like. It should not be used when the manager himself is unclear about his responsibilities and wants the employees to do his work, when the manager can not provide feedback managers are unable to thank their employees and when the employees need the presence of the manager to guide them. Each of these

The Right To Fashion Among Individuals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Right To Fashion Among Individuals - Essay ExampleThe philosophy of somebodyal manner speaks about how style is diverse from port wearing clothes means helping to give ones body a sense of appearance that helps to define ourselves. Most plurality can understand what kind of a somebody one is just by the clothes he or she wears. Having an eye for detail or for with-it costume helps to up a persons level of appearance in the eyes of both(prenominal) her/himself and in the eyes of other people around him. Not being able to reveal fashion through personal senses, or not being able to dress oneself in the kind of clothing one wants to is equivalent to the same feeling of having ones body chained and not being able to do anything about it. Fashion is like freedom and liberation from the monotonous lives that most people live in the world today. It helps to bring about change and color in a persons out touch towards life. It helps a person to feel light and also helps to alter h is or her mood. This was fashion dressing oneself as one wanted to and trying to bring about a sort of look and appearance in the clothing of a person. This same activity and process were carried out in unlike parts o the world with respect to dissimilar kinds of clothing that were born from the creativity and uniqueness that different people had. Today, they are known as designers however, in those days, they were known as the harbingers of freedom and creativity. Fashion is cut back now though, in many parts of the world and women are not given their due slump to dress as they please.

Three basic concepts Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Three fundamental concepts - Research Paper ExampleHere comes the option of outsourcing either the whole manufacturing unit or legitimate major business activities while would help BlueJay in increasing its output. Now in this context in that location are two things that need to be considered first, what portions of the manufacturing unit should be outsourced, and second is the amount of capital investing that BlueJay has to make for this new outsourcing plan. This study aim at discussing the basic concepts of the comprise of willpower understanding case-by-case or multiple options of outsourcing business operational activities of the company. A relationship between cost estimation and monetary statements would be explained to validate the basic concepts. For understanding the nuances of the supply chain management in the company, cost of monomania plays an master(prenominal) role. The different elements associated with the cost of willpower involve purchasing price, sa lvage nourish or resale value and other expenses which lead to acquisition, disposal and conversion. These further includes the cost associated with purchase of orders, delivery charges, search costs, handling and store cost, maintenance cost, repair, etc, and disposal. Cost of ownership when incorporated for digest of the financial benefit presents cost base for the decisiveness of the economic value of investments. For example internal rate of return, return on investment. The cost of ownership analysis includes operating cost and total cost for acquisition. It is also used to measure the viability of the capital investment. Enterprise may utilize it to as a comparison tool (Zachariassen, & Arlbjorn, 2009, p. 5-8). The triplet concepts which closely align the cost of ownership are the life-cycle costing, zero based costing and cost-based evaluation of suppliers performance. All of these concepts are certain to monitor the performance of the suppliers based on the expectatio ns of the firm. The objective is to focus more on the maintenance of semipermanent relationship with the suppliers, but at the same time calculate the cost associated with supply chain management and manufacturing. In this case the outsourcing cost can be estimated. In order to calculate the cost of ownership BlueJay has to follow an eight step process a) Analyze the present scenario of the company, b) Map the activities and the processes in the company, c) Identification of the cost drivers, d) Collect the data on activity usage, e) Identification of the potential solution/solutions, f) Estimation of the cost drivers associated with the improvements, g) calculation of the cost of ownership for different scenarios (before and after), and f) Presenting the results (Woodside, Gibbert, & Golfetto, 2008, p. 207-209). Cost estimates are nothing but approximation of the childbed cost, which is important for avoiding the problems associated with cost overrun. In case of BlueJay the manuf acturing cost would have to be estimated, which can be segregated into three categories manufacturing overhead, labor cost, and direct material costs. The cost estimates are utilized to conduct a cost-volume-profit analysis to project a revenue figure of the company with respect to its volume of production and the cost incurred by the company for it. Another reason for evaluating the cost-volume profit is to identify the breakeven point of the companys revenue generation. The estimation of the cost of the manufacturing unit is documented in the cost sheet of a company, which in turn is

Technical Architecture and Why Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Technical Architecture and Why - Assignment ExampleA distributed retailer is passing efficient because it does not rely on a hub site to provide most if not every last(predicate) of the services it needs. Moreover, all services are quick to respond to the in-store requests.Although hybrid and centralized system of technical foul architecture seem to be efficient in other businesses like shipping, a distributed system for a retail store is better because a retail store needs to track and identify behavioral trends in order to improve pricing and stocking. The proposed distributed operating system is essential in serving the divers(a) clients within the retail since it allows interactions of the various business activities through integration of machines within the network (Ray, 2009). A distributed database management system is essential in providing functionality for the distributed system in order to facilitate the business processes for the retailer. Principles for technical a rchitecture incorporate strategic and enterprise-wide goals that rely on specific environmental factors for the business (Greefhorst & Proper, 2011). Therefore, the proposed technical architecture for the retailer offers properties that are essential in meeting the retailers

OD Skills Simulation 12.1 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

OD Skills Simulation 12.1 - Coursework Exampleter weighing all the leasing options available at our disposal, I impression it wise that the regional office create would be the ideal locality for our offices, as its total bell stands at approximately $53,000 which fits well within the budget of Vernal Corporation. Apart from the moderate room that would see as the main office of the organization, we would occupy one conference room and use it to habitually entertain our clientele and at the same time conduct a few company operations. I as well as settled on the regional office building due to its high prestige, which would supplement our corporation as most of our customers and organizational partners would find it appealing (McCarthy, 2008).The locality within which the regional office building is placed has a variety of houses, a factor that would come a long way in do sure that my colleagues do not have a difficult time in settling. In addition, the half(a) hour duration t o be spent to and from the offices would list us slightly efficient. The regional office building similarly stood out because it had a coffee shop and restaurants within the office block, as well as a kitchen and a coffee area for those who would be interested in preparing their own meals. In conclusion, I held the opinion that the presence of miscellaneous services such as a gym and hair parlor, would make our stay within the region much comfortable, hence ensuring that we channel most of our energy into discharging our

Controlling the Cyber-conduct of Young People Research Paper

Controlling the Cyber-conduct of Young People - Research Paper Exampledepends on reciprocal expectations concerning what the other agents exit do in a situation where a decision whether or not to conform is at stake (3).Gimalda and Sacconis model in particular sees compliance as the consequence both of agents participation in choosing the norm in a social contract telescope under a veil of ignorance and of the existence of expectations about reciprocal willingness to conform (5).Proposed the sense of justice as a solution for the stability problem of a well-ordered society-i.e. a society whose institutions are coherent according to the principles of justice chosen under a veil of ignorance (8).Statements Sources two, four and seven work to try out the opposite argument that it is an uncanny proposition to regularly observe and impose restriction on the net profit and mobile utilization of teenagers to control issues like cyber-bullying and sexting. The claims by Bristow and Pat on will argue that restrictions on the internet use of children are offering an unrealistic preparation to face the society in which they will have to responsibility independently. The claim will be that as children are encouraged to be self-dependent in the real world, close the same opportunity in the cyber-world is a bizarre idea with no visible benefits.However, using sources, I will prove how the activities of children remain under constant observation in the real society though they perceive themselves to be free and how social conformity and family influence the way they behave. The briefing by the American Psychological Association will show that people under the age of 20 do not have a brain that is mature enough to take wise decisions. The work by Cialdini and Goldstein will show how the society influences the behavior of adolescents, and Mahalihalis work is used to describe how the influence of family members, especially parents, decides a childs

Josephs Story Essay Example for Free

Josephs report EssayJosephs story is a common one of an unsuspected massive fancy attack. plain though Joseph had numerous existing factors that put him at risk of heart conditions he continued to continue with no fear, or ambition to make changes. While playing ball with his son in the park, Joseph see his worst case scenario, a massive heart attack. There were several elements that went into this clinical turn for the worst. Josephs heart could now have irreversible damage due to the advanced stage of the condition. When Josephs heart stopped working in the park the cells that make up the heart started to use up the stay ATP that was left in the cells. Because there was no heart function to push oxygenated blood by the vessels the carbon dioxide levels started to increase and PH levels dropped within the cell. The heart was no longer providing blood flow with the cryptical oxygen and glucose to the mitochondria, which is needed for the production of ATP. Without ATP it w as only a matter of a few moments in advance the active transport pumps in the plasma membrane had stopped. This seize of activity had now allowed for sodium to lead astray leaking out of the cells and potassium to leak in. Josephs lungs could no longer expel harmful carbon dioxide from his consistence, or bring important oxygen in. Cells were dying.As Joseph lay in the park his son was crying and label for help. Lucky for them both, some people were nearby who ran to ran to their aid. As one person called for help, another person started cardiac resuscitation on Josephs heart. CPR allowed for fresh oxygen to reach his cells and with every chest compression more(prenominal) carbon dioxide was expelled from his body. However, Josephs cells were still unable to produce ATP and the structure of the cells were being compromised to say the least. The lose of ATP also meant that special calcium ATPases had stopped moving calcium from the cytosol into endoplasmic reticulum of his ca rdiac pass cells. As the intracellular calcium levels rose within the cells, they caused proteases to spill into their interiors of the cell, attacking the cytoskeleton.Lysosomal enzymes as well as mitochondrial organelles are usually contained by membranes or vesicles. A lot of a cell does it contained within that membrane. When a cell starts to die the first to start seize is the membrane, exchanging nothing intentional, but leaking nutrients in and out.The instructions Josephs body needs to repair itself and his disposition for vascular disease are both contained within the cell, deep down DNA, located in the nucleolus. As the intracellular calcium levels rose, they caused proteases to spill into the interior of the cell, attacking the cytoskeleton. Lysosmal enzymes normally bouncing safely inside vesicles began to digest the plasma membrane and the membranes of the organelles. Oxygen is required by cells to produce ATP, oxygen, and nutrients, septuple cellular processes affe cting hemostasis.Joseph was not treating his body with the care it needed. As a result the cells in his body reacted in a damaging way. Health and disease are ultimately determined at the cellular level.

Monarchial constitution Essay Example for Free

Monarchial governance EssayUnder the monarchial constitution of the United Kingdom (UK), the majority of prerogative force outs are now exercised by the governing in the name of the heyday. There are two principle definitions of Royal Prerogative (RP) that of Sir William Blackstone and that of professor A. V. Dicey. According to Dicey, RP is defined as the residue of arbitrary or discretionary authority, which at any attached time is legally left in the hands of the Crown.RP has several defining characteristics RP is inherent to the Crown, derived from jet law, exercised by the presidential term on behalf of the crown, the powers are residual and RP legitimises organization actions without the need for an Act of Parliament (AOP). Before the s even upteenth century, the monarch had all three powers, the legislative, executive and judicial powers. The judiciary started gaining independence since the Case of Prohibitions 1607 and was fully self-employed person after th e Act of Settlement 1700, which effectively removed the power of the monarch to remove a infer at will.The independence of the legislature started with the Case of Proclamation 1611 and culminated in the Bill of Rights 1689, which curbed future arbitrary doings of the monarch and guaranteed Parliaments power vis a vis the Crown. With these changes made to the UK constitution and as support grew for a democratic government, RP seemed out of place in the hands of the monarch and was slowly transferred into the hands of the government to be used in the name of the Crown.It is possible for RP to be codified i.e incorporated into an AOP, as can be seen from the Constitutional Reform and Governance Act 2010 (CRGA). The CRGA codified several RPs, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the RP to ratify treaties. The codification of RP meant that it would be under Parliamentary control and not the Executive. In the UK today, the UK government make outs certain decisions based on the RP if they are not covered under any statutes. However, in that respect have been several cases regarding the use of RP brought to the moves, spearheaded by Darnels case as well as the Case of Ship Money.The fact that these cases could be judged by the courts showed that the government (on behalf of the monarch) could exercise the prerogative power granted by the courts. Therefore, the courts have the power to determine whether that prerogative power exists and the extent of the power exercised by the government. Codifying the RP ensures that courts would not have the power to determine its existence, as they are ineffective to determine the validity of an AOP, as directed by Lord Reid in Pickin v British Railways Board.It would to a fault prevent conflicts with statutes, as well as promote greater certainty and accessibility in the law. However, codifying the RP would make it more rigid, which may affect the reflexes of the government in responding to situations which are time-sensitive. Neverthe little, the current practice of the UK government with regards to such RP would be to consult Parliament first. Thus, it would be desirable to codify the RP. The RP has always been a part of common law in the UK Constitution. In the Case of Proclamation 1611, then King James I utter two royal proclamations without the consent of Parliament.When the case was brought before the court, Lord Coke held that the King hath no prerogative, provided that which the law of the land allows him, meaning that the King could only exercise the prerogative power granted by the courts. Following the judgment, there were several cases which involved the use of the RP which the courts upheld. In Darnels case, the Defendant was imprisoned due to a warrant issued from the King in which there was no reason for the imprisonment. The court held that the arrest was valid as this was the exercise of the monarchs prerogative power to arrest.The Case of Ship Money overly exemplified how the court co uld decide if use of RP was legitimate. Hampden had refused to pay taxes to the King, upon his RP to raise revenue in an emergency situation. The court subsequently upheld the power of the Crown. Lastly, the judgment in Lord Advocate v University of Aberdeen upheld the RP that things lost, abandoned or ownerless belongs to the Crown. However, the courts have also held several decisions which restricted the RP. In BBC v Johns, BBC claimed there was a prerogative to grant immunity to them so as to avoid paying taxes.This case was famous for the dictum of Lord Diplock who stated that it is 350 years and a civil war too late for the Queens courts to broaden the prerogative. Some receive that the exercise of prerogative powers was outside judicial review. Lord Devlin (in Chandler v DPP) agreed, but in his obiter statement stated that the courts will not review the proper exercise of discretionary power but they will substitute to correct unembellished or abuse. Despite this, not all p rerogative powers are wined to judicial review, the review cogency is babelike on its subject matter and not the source of power.In the GCHQ case, Lord Roskill mentioned that Prerogative powers such as those relating to the making of treaties, the defence of the realm, the prerogative of mercy are not, I think, subjected to judicial review because of their nature and subject matter is such as not to be amendable to the judicial process. Thus, with RPs, courts would have the ability to judge whether they are implemented legitimately or not, dependent on the scope of the prerogative in question, but in the case regarding AOP, courts would not be able to question its validity, as stated by Lord Reid in Pickin (as above).This would be desirable as it would smoothen the relations between the Judiciary and Executive, with few conflicts between them. There are also situations whereby RP will be in conflict with statutes. As such, the Crown would not be able to exercise the prerogative p ower due to the doctrine of Parliamentary Sovereignty. In AG v De Keysers Royal Hotel, the Crown used the Royal Hotel during the First World War and the hotel afterward claimed for compensation under Defence Act 1842.Although the Crown argued that no compensation should be paid since there was an RP to acquire any land of the subject during wartime, the court held that when the statutory power and prerogative power co-existed, statutory power would override that of prerogative. Similarly, in R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte sack Brigades Union, the Criminal Injuries Compensation Scheme set up under Ministerial Prerogative powers was used sooner of the Criminal Justice Act 1988, so as to save money by awarding less compensation. The court held that if there is a statutory scheme, it cannot be replaced by the RP.To prevent these scenarios from happening, Parliament has taken step in recent years to incorporate some RP into statutes. For example, the Treasur e Act 1996 states that the prerogative right of prise trove has been abolished and replaced by this Act. The Human Rights Act 1998 protects citizens against arbitrary use of prerogatives, and the Fixed-Term Parliament Act 2011 has incorporated the RP of detachment of Parliament. Hence with these recent developments, RP will be in less conflict with AOPs and more consistent with them, alter them to be more certain and accessible to the public.There are naysayers of codifying the RP that argue that such an act would development the rigidity of the process to achieve the intended result. Indeed, this is true as can be seen in the prerogative to declare war on other countries. For such a result, the government would need the operational flexibleness and speed of deployment that the RP provides. By incorporating it into a statute, not only will the efficiency of the government be reduced, excess publicity that the AOP will bring would undermine the success of the operation.In additio n, there will be situations where the government cannot await Parliamentary approval due to time constraints. Be that as it may, in practice, the government in modern times have looked for Parliaments approval regarding the issue of war. In 2006, then eyeshade Minister Tony Blair, following his own vote over Iraq in 2003, acknowledged that he could not count of a situation in which a government is going to go to war except in the circumstances where immediate action is required without a full Parliamentary debate.The Iraq war vote was a significant precedent that Parliament should give its approval regarding such matters. Following which, Prime Minister David Cameron in 2011 held a Parliamentary debate on whether UK should establish a no-fly zone in Libya after the eruption of military action. Lastly, in September 2013, a Parliamentary debate was called to discuss the possible military preventive in Syria after chemical weapons were allegedly used on civilians. By calling a vo te, the government was ensuring continuing adherence to the practice that Parliament should have a say in such issues.Hence, even if codifying the RP does increase rigidity, the process of ensuring Parliaments approval is already established. Some might feel that codifying the RP would be sacrificing UK history as they would be forgoing part of their culture which makes their unwritten constitution unique in todays world (inclusive of New Zealand and Israel). Nevertheless, the RP is considered by many to be an outdated power and is such an important one that it should not bypass democratic representation.

Natural Environment and Campbell Soup Essay Example for Free

Natural Environment and Campbell dope EssayWhy do some phone line firms practise a deuce-ace-bottom-line forbiddencome while others focus only on profit maximization? Please, use a real company example to illustrate your points. The triple bottom line outcome focuses on the concept where firms be environmentally conscious and socially responsible by achieving a balance between profits, avoiding molest to the environment, and achieving social benefits (Douglas, 2012). Traditionally, firms focused on profit maximization to achieve profits to pay out dividends and with child(p) gains so shareholders eject buy things. In a recent article, Nursing Homes are overbilling Medicare . 5 million a year for treatments patients dont need or never receive. When nursing homes where for-profit, 30% of claims sampled were considered untimely while non-profit nursing homes estimated only 12% (Waldman, 2012).Jill Horwitz, a professor at the University of California stated that for-profi t wellness care providers are more than likely to act on money in any way possible, horizontal by pushing the legal envelope (Walkman, 2012). There are still for-profit companies who pursue a triple-bottom-line outcome. Campbell Soup Company has been environmentally conscious and socially responsible since 1953. The Campbell Soup Foundation has been supporting local communities where employees perish and work financially. Campbell Soups headquarters is located in Camden, New Jersey where they donate somewhat $1 million each year to impact the local residents in a positive agency (Campbell Soup Foundation). They focus on hunger relief, childhood obesity and youth-related programming. Not only does Campbell Soup invest in its local communities, they also partner is many non-profit organizations like the Boy Girls Club and the United Way.Customers can influence firms to pay more attention to the preservation of the natural environment by emphasizing how of import the community and environment in which they live are. Many organizations are now trying to go green. They are making products that use fewer materials and are less harmful to the environment. If customers refuse to buy products from organization that do non value the environment, organizations will careen to customers needs. Along with not buying products, customers should not invest with companies who do not value the environment and communities. Economists incorporate the triple bottom line into their models of business decision making by assuming that many individuals will buy shares in companies that achieve the triple bottom line outcomes they want and will sell shares in companies that do not (Douglas, 2012. Pg. 7).ReferencesCampbell soup foundation. (2012). Retrieved from http//www.campbellsoupcompany.com/Foundation.aspx Douglas, E. (2012). managerial Economics (1st ed.). San Diego, CA Bridgepoint Education.This text is a Constellation course digital materials (CDM) title. Waldman, P. ( 2012, December 31). For-Profit Nursing Homes bakshis in Overcharging While Care Suffers. Bloomberg. Retreived from http//www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-12-31/for-profit-nursing-homes-lead-in-overcharging-while-care-suffers.html 1. Firm ObjectivesWhy do some business firms pursue a triple-bottom-line outcome while others focus only on profit maximization? Please, use a real company example to illustrate your points.Guided ResponseIn 300 words or more, please, provide your response to the above discussion question. Comment on how customers can influence firms to pay more attention to the preservation of the natural environment. Respond substantively to at least two of your classmates postings. Substantive responses use theory, research, and go out or examples to support ideas and further the class knowledge on the discussion topic.2. Decision Making chthonian UncertaintyTo save on gasoline expenses, Edith and Mathew agreed to carpool together for traveling to and from work. Edith pref erred to travel on I-20 highway as it was usually the fastest, winning 25 legal proceeding in the absence of transaction delays. Mathew pointed out that traffic jams on the highway can lead to long delays making the trip 45 proceedings. He preferred to travel along Shea Boulevard, which was longer (35 legal proceeding), but rarely had traffic jams. Edith agreed that in matter of traffic jams, Shea Boulevard was a reasonable alternative. Neither of them knows the state of the highway beforehand of time. After impetuous to work on the I-20 highway for 1 month (20 workdays), they found the highway to be jammed 3 times. Uncertainty is when the potential outcomes are not predictable and/or the probabilities of these outcomes are not estimable ahead of time (Douglas, 2012). * I-20 = 25 minutes w/o delays (25 minutes * 365 days = 9,125 minutes) * I-20 = 45 minutes w/ delays* Shea Boulevard = 35 minutes w/o delays* 1st month of travel there where 3 traffic delays assuming 20 workday s each month1. Assuming that this month is a good commission of all months ahead, should Edith and Mathew continue to use the highway for traveling to work? * 3 jams (workdays) * 45 minutes = cxxxv minutes* 17 workdays * 25 minutes = 425 minutes* Total = 560 minutes compared to* 20 workdays * 35 minutes = 700 minutes when taking Shea Boulevard. Edith and Mathew should continue to use the highway because they save 140 minutes each month. 2. How would you finish change for the winter months, if bad weather makes it likely for traffic jams on the highway to increase to 6 days per month? * 6 jams (workdays) * 45 minutes = 270 minutes* 14 workdays * 25 minutes = 350 minutes* Total = 620 minutes compared to* 20 workdays * 35 minutes = 700 minutes when taking Shea Boulevard. Edith and Mathew should still continue to sate I-20 during winter months because they will continue to save time. They will save 80 minutes of time taking the highway during winter months.3. How would your conclusio n change if Mathew purchased a new smart-phone app that could show the status of the highway traffic prior to their drive each morning, thus reducing the probability of them getting into a jam dash off to only 1day per month (where on this day, the app showed no traffic jam, but a jam developed in the meantime as they were driving along the highway). The conclusion would change in that Edith and Mathew should point Shea Boulevard on days in which they know there is an throw ahead of time. Either way they should continue to take the highway unless they discover accidents ahead of time.Non-Winter* 1 jams (workdays) * 45 minutes = 45 minutes* 17 workdays (highway) * 25 minutes = 425 minutes* 2 workdays (Shea Boulevard) * 35 minutes = 70* Total = 540 minutes compared to* 20 workdays * 35 minutes = 700 minutes when taking Shea Boulevard. Winter* 1 jams (workdays) * 45 minutes = 45 minutes* 14 workdays (highway) * 25 minutes = 350 minutes* 5 workdays (Shea Boulevard) * 35 minutes = 175 minutes * Total = 570 minutes compared to* 20 workdays * 35 minutes = 700 minutes when taking Shea Boulevard.4. Further, comment on how the conclusions of this problem will change if there was no uncertainty and the highway always had traffic jams, whereas Shea Blvd was always traffic jam liberate? Is this scenario realistic and why? Respond substantively to at least two of your classmates postings * 20 workdays * 45 minutes (I-20 w/ jams) = 900 minutes. * 20 workdays * 35 minutes (Shea Boulevard) = 700 minutes. If this was the case, Edith and Mathew would take Shea Boulevard every day. The scenario can be realistic because complex body part could incur at some point throughout the year cause delays and an increase in accident rates.ReferencesDouglas, E. (2012). Managerial Economics (1st ed.). San Diego, CA Bridgepoint Education.This text is a Constellation course digital materials (CDM) title.

Enhancing IEEE 802.11 Wireless Networks Essay Example for Free

Enhancing IEEE 802.11 radio Ne bothrks Essay diddle The IEEE 802.11 meter for radio confabulation interlock is a very(prenominal) important warning especi aloney directly that wireless technologies atomic public figure 18 very popular cod to its effectiveness and usefulness. However, the standard supports the use of omni- directing antenna which radiates and receives signals in altogether armorial bearings that does not support spatial reuse and does not boast high qualification and gain. weigh for studies visualize the benefits and advantages of utilise directing antennas instead of omni-directional antenna in wireless networks.Spatial reuse and high capacity atomic number 18 both very important especially today that the wireless networks argon increasingly deployed due to the demand and needs of the users. But, as mentioned, IEEE 802.11 supports the exercise of omni-directional antenna and not of directional antenna, thus to be adapted for directional an tenna to be at its optimal use, the IEEE 802.11 communications protocols must be amended to be suitable to address difficultys associated with the use of directional antenna. directing antenna or directivity of an antenna spate be weed using antenna elements that are combined to form an lay out. Smart antennas which are becoming popular today have achieved directivity due to the techniques employs with it. Introduction Due to scientific development in selective information and telecommunications during the medieval years, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) of the United States developed standards and guidelines to match orderly transfer of information between two or more data communication systems using different equipment with different needs. Standards and protocols are useful in ensuring that equipments such as computers, restless phones, and communication devices from different manufacturers and providers have established compatibility and i nteroperability. However, due to rapid technological development and introduction of newer technologies brought about by the increasing demands and needs of users, some standards are required to be enhanced and improved. This is because as newer technologies are created, more and more data are needed to be transfer requiring more capacity for the existing infrastructures. If standards and protocols are not improved, existing communication infrastructures leave merely have limited capacity causing serious problems such as interference and slow speed. People pre direct always demand for real-time communication of various data such as video, audio, pictures and multimedia. Background unmatchable of the most innovative technologies today has been the wireless communication technology. Wireless technology encompasses the use of television and radio, mobile phones, wireless internet connective and computing system which are all very important for communication needs, eliminating the need for cables and wires and making possible the communication even in the remotest body politics as along as in that location is available signal.wireless local area networks increased the degree of mobility which are not possible using the conventional local area networks. In mobile phone communication alone, development has been tremendous that from analogue to GSM, now comes the 3G and 4G mobile systems. In the internet technology, connections have developed from ISDN to dial-up to DSL and now Wireless LAN which is very popular today. colloquy between computers and mobile phones are also now possible with the GPRS technology. These technologies are primarily intended for elementary and real-time communication brought about by fast-paced lifestyle of people and also because of globalization. Mobile data and communications have become important for personal, professional, and business use. Because there are so m whatever(prenominal) manufacturers and military service prov iders from different locations, and also because of the popularity of these technologies, the IEEE developed the IEEE 802.11 which is a standard particularly intended for Wireless Local surface area Networks.However, as WLAN experienced development and are improved, the IEEE 802.11 is also needed to be enhanced to be able for WLANs to be at their optimum performance. Additionally, because of the many uses and demands for WLAN, it has been increasing deployed causing interference between transmissions. disturbance in data communications is a serious problem for it ca employ delay of transmission and alterations or torture of signals that caused unreliable, unclear and error in messages genuine.The use of directional antenna is a well cognize system to reduce interference and to increase the range and capacity of wireless networks (Zhu et al, 2005). However, the IEEE 802.11 is not designed for the use of directional antennas. This project which is focused on the enhancement of t he IEEE 802.11 using directional antennas and multiple receivers is important to be able to tempt in-depth what improvement and advantages can directional antennas and multi-receivers can contribute to the current IEEE 802.11 Wireless Networks standard. Literature critical review article This part of this proposal reviews literatures that describe the IEEE 802.11 WLAN standard in details to be able to determine the needs for the enhancement of the standard. The literature review also provides earlier research about the functions and advantages of directional antennas This review is a brief discussion providing an overview of the detailed review of literatures that go away be provided in the chapters of the research breeding.3.1. The IEEE 802.11 Wireless Network Standard Aside from promoting interoperability, the IEEE 802.11 standard for wireless network was created to deliver services that were previously imbed only in wired networks but have been found out to be possible usin g wireless networks to achieve high throughput for super reliable data delivery and for continuous network connection (Ergen, 2002). As a standard, the IEEE 802.11 established the network architecture, components, type of equipments and set of services offered that must be complied with by wireless network administrators and providers. These are also known as the physical bottom and that IEEE 802.11 WLAN standard provides a number of physical mold options in terms of data rates, modulation types and spreading spectrum techniques (Ergen, 2002).This essence that the medium, the path that the signal transmitted and received via the WLAN, the range, location, frequency to be used and the type of antenna to be used are all determined by the IEEE 802.11 standard. IEEE 802.11 does not only specify the physical layer characteristics but also the link layer protocol for medium gravel in broadcast carry (Dham, 2003). The medium access control protocol is designed for the specified phys ical layer characteristics thus any changes made in the physical layer also requires significant alterations in the MAC protocol. The MAC layer of the standard defines two different access modes the Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) and the Point Coordination Function (PCF) (Xu Saadawi, 2003). DCF is a mechanism which is a Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance.The standard stomachs the use of a basic access method or an optional handshake which is done by exchanging Request to aerate (RTS) and Clear to Send (CTS) messages which are also the frame sent from the source to the destination and an acknowledgement from the destination that the frame was received correctly (Erger, 2005). These frames or control packets contain the proposed duration of data transmission while nodes or send within the vicinity of communicating nodes overhear either of these control packets and suspend transmission for this proposed duration (Choudhury et al, 2002). This serve unab le the nodes or devices to communicate directly with all early(a) devices and for a wireless device to be able to transmit and receive at the like time thus the IEEE 802.11 MAC implements a network allocation vector (NAV) which is a value that indicates to a station the amount of time that remains originally the medium becomes available (Erger, 2005). With this standard, directional antenna is obviously not utilised because in using directional antennas, it is possible to carry out multiple transmissions in the same neighbourhood provided that the beamwidth of the directional transmissions is not very large (Choudhury et al, 2002).3.2. The Directional Antenna An antenna is one or more electrical conductors of a special length that transmits radio waves generated by a transmitter or that collects radio waves at the receiver (Frenzel, 1994). It is a basic component of every wireless networks, thus it must be chosen carefully depending on how it will be used. WLAN commonly used omn i-directional antenna which leave behinds for transmission and reception of messages in any direction (Frenzel, 1994) which is commonly used in wireless internet connections and wireless telecommunications.However, because the transmitted signal is overt in any direction, interference with different signal has been a problem. In search for the solution with the problem of interference, various research (Dham, 2003 Zhu et al, 2005 Choudhury et al, 2002) have been focused on the use of directional antenna in WLANs. The unproblematic advantage of directional antenna is that it eliminates interference from other signals being received from all directions except the direction of the in demand(p) signal (Frenzel, 1994). It was found out that the use of directional antenna for transmission gives the highest capacity, allows spectrum reuse, and provides range addition (Zhu et al, 2005). At the receiver, the antenna is pointed directly at the station to be received thus rejecting signa ls from transmitters in all other directions (Frenzel, 1994). Another advantage of directional antenna over omni-directional is that there is greater efficiency of post transmission while when omni-directional antenna is used at the transmitter side the transmitted power goes off in all directions wasting a significant amount of power (Frenzel, 1994). It is argued that all messages should be sent in directional mode to take advantage of this gain (Zhu et al, 2005). Choudhury et al (2002) conducted a study and proposed a protocol that exploits the benefits of using directional antenna namely spatial reuse and higher transmission range. On the other hand, the use of directional antenna also poses some problems such as higher clash fortune.That is, as space is segmented and the carrier is reused with directional antennas, the amount of MAC information required for conflict-free transmission increases (Zhu et al, 2005). Because the current IEEE 802.11 standard does not support spatia l reuse, several problems may occur when directional antennas are used without changing the modifying the existing protocol.Collision occurs due to the deafness of the nodes as these nodes are immersed in only one direction. And because of this deafness, the transmitting nodes will send RTS packets repeatedly which is a waste of bandwidth (Zhu et al, 2005). The research study conducted by Zhu et al (2005) focused on solving the problems caused by the spatial reuse which is higher collision probability and proposed a protocol called sectorised 802.11 MAC protocol. These two studies along with the other studies serve as the framework of this research.To create an antenna with directivity and gain, two or more antenna elements are combined to form what is known as an array (Frenzel, 1994). Antenna array has the capability of spatial signal separation and could radiate frequency energy towards a desired receiver with narrow beamwidth and null towards an interfering terminal to reduce th e ostracise impact of multi-path and co-channel interference (Zhou, 2006). Phased array antenna systems are an example of an array. Phased array antennas consist of an array of antenna elements connected by a feeder or adder network arranged so that their idiosyncratic signals combine to provide maximum gain in one direction while minimising it in other directions (Dham, 2003).There is also what is called smart antenna which is consist of multiple antenna elements arranged in a special configuration and connected through complex weights (Zhou, 2006). Smart antenna Switched beam and adaptive array antenna are the two major categories of smart antenna. Switched beam is the simplest smart antenna with a number of fixed beams in predetermined directions at the antenna site (Zhou, 2006).Adaptive array on the other hand uses a complex signal processing algorithm to continuously detect multi-path and interference among desired signal (Zhou, 2006). The studies about the applications of sm art antennas in wireless networks are also link and will be useful in the completion of this research study. Zhou (2006) added that a smart antenna can be applied to all current major wireless protocols and industrial standards to achieve higher system capacity, wide-ranging network coverage and higher data rate thus smart antenna must be further investigated to determine what it can contribute to the enhancement of IEEE 802.11 with directional antennas. Aims and Objectives In conducting any research, it is important that decided sets of objects are present. These objectives will serve as the researchers guide in conducting the data gathering, data analysis and conclusion formulation. The primary objective of the research is to provide a protocol designed for the utilisation of directional antennas in wireless local area networks. Such protocol is proposed to be used in the deployment of WLAN using directional antennas thus it accommodates some amendments on the original stand ards, architecture, and physical layer.However, this general take on is an umbrella objective that would dictate the general path that the research will take. Within this umbrella objective are the specific aims of the research that will allow the researcher to touch the important aspects of the topic. These specific aims are the followingTo identify the problems associated with the current protocols to determine the necessary adjustments or enhancement that are needed to be doneTo determine the characteristics of directional antennas and what it can contribute to improve the capabilities of the wireless local area networksTo survey the advantages of having multiple receivers in wireless local area networksTo investigate on the differences of the current protocol and the proposed protocol and determine the limitations of the latter andTo test the effectiveness of the proposed standard. Intellectual Challenge The most intellectual challenge on this research is the proposal itself. The IEEE 802.11 is developed by reliable engineers and to propose an enhancement for this standard is a big challenge thus the research study should be base on reliable data. The proposed protocol should also be tested on using a prototype and accurate calculations to ensure that the outcome of the studies is viable. Research Program6.1 Research MethodologyThe method of collecting data for the dissertation will be undisturbed of two methodologies. The first methodology is review of related literature or secondary sources. go offing earlier studies and other related literature would allow the researcher to become familiar with the already accepted theories and statements pertaining to the topic. The sources should be from proficient books, journals, earlier theses and published articles technical organisations such as the IEEE.The second methodology would be surveys and personal interviews. adept professionals like engineers and technicians from different communication network c ompanies and Internet service providers (ISP) will be surveyed using questionnaires that include questions that will determine the problems encountered with WLAN particularly with the use of the antennas they currently utilise, the solutions they are implementing and the improvement they would like to call forth and impose with the current standards. It is important that the views of these people be collected since they are the ones who are immersed in the realities of the WLAN conditions. They will be able to provide insights that will help the researcher in evaluating the current IEEE standard.This study will be using the descriptive research method where the general part of the paper will be dedicated to the description of the subject in question. Descriptive research intends to present facts concerning the nature and placement of a situation, as it exists at the time of the study (Creswell, 1994). It is also concerned with relationships and practices that exist, beliefs and pr ocesses that are ongoing, effects that are being felt, or trends that are developing. In addition, such approach tries to describe present conditions, events or systems based on the impressions or reactions of the respondents of the research (Creswell, 1994).The use of the descriptive method also suggests that the research will be focusing on obtaining qualitative data. Qualitative research is an umbrella that refers to various research traditions and strategies. The research will be carried out systematically. First, the researcher needs to review previous literature about the topic. This will allow the research the researcher to become familiar with what is already known about the topic. This will also allow the researcher to formulate the appropriate questionnaire that will be able to extract the most useful data. afterward the questionnaires have been completed, the researcher will have to tally the results and compare it with the findings of previous studies. If the finding of the research is the same as the findings of previous studies then the research can be supported by the findings of previous studies. On the other hand, if the findings of the research do not agree with past studies then the researcher must look back on previous studies to check if the findings of the studies are supported by other findings. This will ensure that the results of the research are not isolated and have been tested by other researches.6.2 ScheduleThe Gantt map below shows the schedule of activities involved in conducting the research study.ActivityDate1st Monthsecond Month3rd Month4th MonthData Gathering/Survey, Personal InterviewReview of earlier studies and related literature/ Analysis of data collectedWriting of the First DraftDevelopment, Testing, Analysis, valuation and DocumentationRevision of the studyFormulation of the conclusionCompletion of WritingPrinting and binding of documents complaisance Deliverables The research study will be organised as followsA chap ter describing the IEEE 802.11A chapter describing the antenna used in WLAN and the problems using non-directional antennasA chapter describing the analysis of the problemsA chapter that presents the data collected and the analyses of those dataA chapter for the proposed solutions and the methods for testing the solutionsA chapter that serves as documentations of the testing, calculations involved and evaluation of the proposed solutions Resources As already mentioned, this research study is highly technical nature thus resources must be from reliable sources such as the IEEE itself that developed the standard that will be enhanced and the Association for Computing Machinery which is an organisation that publishes reliable sources about computing and related technology. ACM also has a digital library where various literatures can be accessed.The World Wide meshing is also be used as a source where different latest articles and journals can be found. University and public libraries will also be used where books that discuss the basic concepts of the subject and topics involved can be found. The researcher will need the cooperation of technical professionals, technicians and engineers whose personal knowledge will be needed as they answer the survey questionnaires. The researcher will also need to collaborate with an ISP or a network company to test the proposed standard, determining its effectiveness as well as its shortcomings.ReferencesChoudhury, R., Yang, X., Ramanathan, R., and Vaidya, N. (2002) Using DirectionalAntennas for Medium Access Control in Ad Hoc Networks, MOBICOM02, ACM Georgia, USACreswell, J.W. (1994). Research design Qualitative and denary approaches.Thousand Oaks, CA SageDham, Vikram (2003) Link Establishment in Ad Hoc Networks Using Smart Antennas thesis in Master of Science in Electrical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University retrieved online on declination 13, 2006 http//scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd- 05072003-180228/unrestricted/etd.pdfErger, Mustafa (2002) IEEE 802.11 Tutorial, Department of Electrical Engineering andComputer Science, University of California Berkeley,Retrieved online on Dec. 13, 2006 http//www.eecs.berkeley.edu/ergen/docs/ieee.pdfFrenzel, Louis (1994) Communication Electronics second edition,Glencoe Macmillan/McGraw-Hill SingaporeXu, Shugong Saadawi, Tarek (2003) Does IEEE 802.11 MAC Protocol Work Well inMulti-hop Wireless Ad Hoc Networks? Dept. of Electrical Engineering, metropolis University of New York retrieved online on celestial latitude 13, 2006 http//academic.csuohio.edu/yuc/mobile03/0415-xu.pdfZhu, Chenxi, Nadeem, Tamer and Agre, Jonathan (2005) Enhancing 802.11 WirelessNetworks with Directional Antenna and Multiple Receivers, Fujitsu Laboratories of America, retrieved online on December 13, 2006 http//www.flacp.fujitsulabs.com/TM-PCR-TM-21.pdfZhou, Hao (2006) The Improvements in Ad Hoc Routing and Network Performance with Directional Antennas, Depar tment of Electrical and Communications Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology,Retrieved online on December 13, 2006 http//lib.tkk.fi/Dipl/2006/urn007316.pdf

Impact of Human Activities on Natural Hazards Essay Example for Free

Impact of Human Activities on Natural Hazards EssayNatural hazards are course reachring phenomena that gain disastrous impact on forgivingity. These phenomena had been in existence even before the advent of humanity. The uncivilized dimension of these internal phenomena are in the context of the impact that such a phenomenon would have on human population in the area affected by that phenomenon. In this analyse, the effect that human action at law has on these pictorial hazards would be analyzed. Some human activities may be exacerbating the factors that cause the natural hazard, like the impact of excessive and unplanned logging on floods and droughts. In certain other cases the human activities may cause subsequent or supplementary hazards to a primary hazard core, like grammatical construction dams in earthquake prone zones may lead to flash floods and landslides in the way out of a rupture. A hazard can be defined as an solvent that has the potential to cause har m. This potential may be on account of its unexpected timing of occurrence or the actual intensity of the event itself. Human societies can withstand these events within a convention scale of occurrence.However, human societies become threatened when these events occur unexpectedly or are of an intensity or duration that falls beyond that normal scale (OHare and Rivas, 2005). Natural hazards can be broadly classified under the heads of geological, hydrological, climatic and diseases. This essay would limit its scope to analyzing causal relationships, if any, of human activities on landslides, floods and drought and the secondary hazards triggered by those activities in the event of an earthquake.Of all human activities that have a direct or indirect impact on natural hazards, deforestation is by far the most significant. Deforestation is the removal or destruction of forest parcel out of an area. It may occur due to unscientific logging practices without regeneration and may be accompanied by subsequent conversion to non-forest usage like agriculture, pasture, urban, mining or industrial development, fallow or wetland. At a very broad level, it has been argued that deforestation is a major cause of global climatic changes.It has been predicted that removal of forest chase will lead to violent and unpredictable environmental fluctuations. At a littler landscape, deforestation has a direct bearing upon the climatic, hydrological, edaphic and biological aspects of that area. Deforestation is associated with higher levels of soil erosion and landslides, deposition in river beds and changes in fluvial geomorphology (Haigh, 1984). Quite a few of these effect of deforestation have a direct bearing on the natural hazards that will be natural coveringed in this essay. cardinal of the major functions of a forest is to maintain the humidity level in the atmosphere. Trees withdraw groundwater through their root and transpire the excess water through their leaves. Forests return a major part of the rainfall receive by them through evapotranspiration. Annual evapotranspiration in tropical moist lowland forests ranges up to 1500 mm per year, with transpiration business relationship for a maximum of 1045 mm per year (Bruijnzeel, 1990). This process of evapotranspiration in the leaves of trees takes the latent heat of evaporation from the touch atmosphere.Thus evapotranspiration has a cool down effect on the atmosphere that aids precipitation. Deforestation denies the atmosphere of this cooling effect and is thus a contributing factor to lowering of annual rainfall in an area. Further, the effects of deforestation generally compound the severity of drought. Lack of trees translates to the lack of root fibers that hold the topsoil. In the event of a drought, the topsoil flakes and gets blown by the wind, leading to severe dust storms. This phenomenon had devastated the American Great Plains for tight to a decade in 1930s.The dust bowl covere d farming areas in Colorado, Kansas, north wolfram Oklahoma, north Texas and north east New Mexico. The fertile soil of the plains was exposed due to lack of flora cover and actions of the plow. These farming techniques that direct to severe soil erosion, coupled with prolonged periods of extremely low rainfall, led to a series of severe dust storms that ranged up to the Atlantic coast. Much of the fertile topsoil was woolly in the Atlantic (Cartensen et al. , 1999).Direct causal relationship amidst human activity and drought is nonetheless to be conclusively established. However, there are studies available that point to a positive correlation between the two. For example, climate-modeling studies have indicated that the 20th century Sahel drought was caused by changing sea open air temperatures. These changes were due to a combination of natural variability and human induced atmospheric changes. The anthropogenic factors in this case were rescind in greenhouse gas levels a nd aerosols (GFDL Climate Modeling Research Highlights, 2007).The effect of human activities like deforestation is rather more direct and pronounced in case of hydrological hazards like fluvial floods. Fluvial floods occur when the discharge of a river exceeds its bankfull capacity. Forests create deep, open textured soils that can hold large quantities of water. When the forest cover is removed through logging, the soil becomes compacted. More rainwater is converted to overflow or near surface flow and less proportion percolates as groundwater. Research has shown significant increase in monthly runoff following logging activities (Rahim and Harding, 1993).The runoff rainwater carries with it considerable amounts of loose soil particles. Removal of vegetation cover through excessive logging activities or overgrazing leaves the soil bare. In such a situation, the upper bottom of the soils becomes susceptible to erosion by surface runoff. These suspended soil particles are deposited on the riverbeds. The effect of this pillowcase of soil erosion by surface runoff is even more pronounced when the deforestation happens in the riparian zones as well.

Why did the reds win the Civil War Essay Example for Free

Why did the reds master ground the cultivated War EssayThe Reds won the Civil War for many reasons, but some atomic number 18 specifically more important than others. Some factors such as Geographical advantage Strong leadership Unity and organisation Support Paragraph 1 (Short) (6 mins) The geographical advantage of the Reds helped them with the Civil war because it provided them with armed forces benefits that the puritys did not have. Geographical Factors Reds Held central area of Western Russia Moscow + Petrograd = population for conscription Whites Scattered amongst Russia.Reds Controlled pear-shaped industrial centers produce war supplies deliver them efficiently amongst soldiers Whites Communication difficult, hundreds of miles separated different armies created disunity How did this help them raise? Because they had abundant resources while the Whites did not Paragraph 2 (Short) (6mins) The Reds won the Civil war partly because of their enemys disunity and lack of organisation. The Reds could therefore exploit the Whites major weaknesses in order to unsex a victory.Unity + Organisation Whites Some members were liberal and just satisfied with the returning of the Provisional organisation Whites The generals distrusted each other Didnt communicate with each other about attacks bases already far unconnected Reds Conscription was introduced and Trotsky hand picked loyal soldiers army increased from 100,000 to 500,000 by August 1918 Reds January 1920 5 million manpower enlisted former Tsarist officers held with blackmail The government issue?The Campaigns of Kolchak and Deniken contributed to the Reds victory (lack of troops, unorganised) Production of weapons war socialism Paragraph 3 (6 mins) Without a clear sense of direction and leadership the Reds would have had difficulty in their success. Lenin and Trotsky were robust leaders who led the Reds to their victory. Leadership Trotsky traveled 65,000 miles by means ofout Russia assisting front epithelial duct to encourage Red soldiers. Lenin clear and structured leadership Whites Had multiple leaders who set bad examples by drinking.Whites Aided landlords to gain lost land (lost support from peasants) Whites Once peasants conscripted Brutal discipline = want body politic more The result? Better army and more support = victory Paragraph 4 (6mins) another(prenominal) factor that meant the Reds won the Civil war was because of the amount support they gained in Russia. Support Reds gained support through repression and reform Repression Cheka, grain requisitioning, Reform Propaganda, VIK peasant representation of villages in dealings with central government.Briefly cite former Tsarist commanders (blackmail) Whites Had foreign aid from France, Japan and USA. Was half hearted and some troops sympathised with Reds. Whites Peasant soldiers often switched sides, as they were not happy with Whites declaration of returning land back to landlords. The result? H ad committed troops who fought for them, ensuing in a better army. Conclusion (10) To conclude, I think the master(prenominal) reason as to why the Reds won the Civil war was because of their enemys disunity and their lack of support.The Whites became infamous for their terror they brought. Estimated 100,000 150,000 Jews in Ukraine and southern Russia were killed in pogroms. Result? Loss of support Reds managed to gain 48,000-experienced Tsarist officers Compare with Whites and their unorganised efforts Effect of good army? Reds Ensure loyalty of officers and men, political commissars abandoned to provide political education. Whites? Less loyalty Disunity? Campaign example Why did the Reds win the Civil War in 1920 Essay Plan.

Emiratisation For Economic Prosperity Essay Example for Free

Emiratisation For Economic Prosperity EssayEmiratization is a scheme that the UAE has adopted and it entails the recruitment as much professionals as possible, such as human resources managers and secretaries in the secret and public sectors. The country has decided to select this strategy because it is one of the countries that have limited competitiveness the world. This is simply because it is a country that faces economic, political, and environmental issues. The brass has initiated the Emiratization plan which does non concentrate on the economic or trade factors of the global world. The agreement of the performance of the Emiratization strategy is based on political, social and economic factors but the government is also concerned with localisation of employment and organizational efficiency. Most of the government contributors have made the Emiratization program a success since they disposed(p) so much into the development of employment opportunities locally. The government of UAE has made an allegiance to promote work originator in the local workforce.One of the advantages of Emiratization is that workers ar able to assess networks that exist within the organizational structure. With these networks workers are able to corporate with the rest of the organization in the country and even the globe in general. The strategy has also initiated more educational programs to the citizens of the UAE since the plan is to have more professionals in the private and public sectors. cornerstone is also growing due to Emiratization since the government has been heavy investing into research projects.Many private sectors are greatly contributing by carrying out surveys that give results or forecast into the future of the UAE countryals. Since the program advocates for more educational programs, this means that when people graduate from school they are able to acquire jobs. This means that the subdivision of unemployment is eliminated through Emiratiz ation. Although Emiratization is meant to be a positive impact into the UAE, it is also facing some challenges. There is a shortage of the required skills such as leadership, languages and technical skills.These skills are required if the UAE is to micturate on sack up of the global economy. The Emiratization program does not have enough public awareness and it has also been receiving a unsound image since its initiation and therefore this is a bad aspect since most people will not support it and therefore it might not produce the desired outcomes. Although the government has introduced this strategy to the public and private sectors, there is a significant high salary gap and this might pose as a bad image among the sectors.The government has not given a clear definition of the requirements needed for the jobs express on so the citizens do not have enough clarity on what to do to get a certain job. Some social activities such as religion are a comprise as a negative impact on the Emiratization strategy since people may have restrictions or conservative opinions on the implementation of the plan. In order for the local citizens of a nation to catch the creation of international trade, the following program would be the best plan in support international crease managing.Long-term Plans 1. Allocation of resources into the educational and training programs in international commercial enterprise 2. Enforcement of local business which may in the end lead to acquiring of skills for international business 3. Developing policies that ensure that there is equal supply of college graduates into the international business activities 4. Development of strong ties with international education partners Mid-term Plans 1. Giving rewards to those employees who perform tumefy in international business activities 2.Provision of training to those people who have interest in high positions than the current ones 3. Establishment of a committee that deals with the recru itment of people into the international business Short-term Plans 1. Creations of a specialized academic institution for international business 2. Having promotional campaigns that advocate for the importance of international business 3. Providing subsidies that will attract the people into the international business plan 4. Having career guidance sessions to citizens of a nation and clarifying to them all the benefits of international business With the above plan, it will be possible for people to understand the importance of international business to themselves and also to their nation.ReferencesJanardhan, M. (2003). Foreigners going for low-paid jobs UAEs Emiratization drive, retrieved 9 may 2010 from http//www. dawn. com/2003/08/27/int13. htm Chilton, J. B. (2005). Viability of Emiratization stirs debate. Retrieved 9 May 2010 from http//emirateseconomist. blogspot. com/2005/02/viability-of-emiratization-stirs. htmldu boosts Emiratization drive at senior management level with tw o appointments. (2008). Retrieved 9 May 2010 from http//www. ameinfo. com/170756. html Have your say Emiratization move. (2009). Gulf News Web Report. Retrieved 9 May 2010 from http//gulfnews. com/opinions/your-say/have-your-say-emiratisation-move-1. 242277 Nagraj, A. (2009). Where do the Emiratis want to work? Retrieved 9 May 2010 from http//www. kippreport. com/2009/03/where-do-the-emiratis-want-to-work/ Pech, B. (2009). Emiratization aligning education with future needs in the joined Arab

Ethical Dilemma Essay Example for Free

Ethical Dilemma EssayThe situation at hand involves an honest decision between two possible courses of action relating to the promotion of tobacco as a reaping in the market. R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. is a corporation that earns huge amounts of money in selling tobacco and is concerned about keeping its profits despite the negative image now associated with tobacco. Therefore, R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. hired lift Global Advertising to again embolden the intersection in the market.Being recommended by the companys Director for Global Accounts as the new head of the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. account, I am constrained to adjudicate whether to accept the position or not. There is no doubt that this is a once in a lifetime career opportunity, as the last manager to handle the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. account had already retired after(prenominal) receiving a huge sum of money after his successful driving force. Indeed, a successful promotional campaign would result in huge profit for both R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. and Acme Global Advertising, which would translate into oversize earnings for me.On the other hand, a sincere refusal on my part would mean another burning person would immediately be taking my place and my big opportunity. The problem is not as simple as it looks, however. This is because the World Health Organization already declared tobacco as the second study cause of finis in the world. Therefore, any effort on my side in promoting the consumption of tobacco would mean that I am personally keep uping effort in favor of a product that causes death to millions of volume arounf the world.It is clear, therefore, that the present situation presents an estimable dilemma that needs serious consideration. I have to imprint a decision between personal success and the health of innumerable people. In order to figure out this dilemma, I turn to the philosophical writings of Aristotle in his work entitled Nicomachean Ethics, as well as utilitarian good philosophy as explained by well-known respectable philosophers John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham. found on these ethical principles, I shall explain why it would be ethical for me to accept the challenge and exert my best effort in promoting the sales of tobacco products of R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. this paper shall discuss the relevant principles attribute of each theory, and then apply such principles to the facts of this particular scenario. In Aristotles Nicomachean Ethics, he expounded on the whimsey called virtue, which to him is that which determines the pillowcase or nature of any social occasion, be it a person or a specific thing (Ross).Virtue is that thing which makes a knife a good knife, and it is also that which makes a man a good person (Ross). Aristotle makes a distinction between two kinds of virtue, to wit natural virtue and moral virtue (Kilcullen). For him, the former relates to characteristics that humans possess from birth, such as a p articular temperament (Kilcullen). On the other hand, the last mentioned kind of virtue refers to the act of submitting ones acts to reason (Kilcullen). It is in the latter kind of virtue that habit, an essential part of Aristotles ethical philosophy, enters the scene (Kilcullen).Aristotle posits that moral virtue is developed through habituation, whereby the exercise of reason results in a specific course of action (Kilcullen). Applying Aristotles ethical philosophy based on virtue and habit, I conclude that accepting the challenge would determine my character as a person in general, and as a leader in an advertising degraded in particular. Accepting a project such as the one in the case would care me develop habits that would hone my leadership and creative skills, which would increase my competence as a leader.The other ethical philosophy that supports my decision is utilitarianism, which is a notion that belongs to the normative ethics tradition. Since the late 18th- and 19t h-century, utilitarianism had been in existence to get down to answer the question, What ought a man to do? (West). Utilitarian philosophers Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill were the foremost believers in the naturalise of thought, and their main thesis was that an action would only be considered morally right if it tends to set ahead happiness for the sterling(prenominal) number of people.This has been popularly known as the Greatest Happiness Principle. John Stuart Mill explained said ethical principle in 1863, when his published work entitled Utilitarianism came out. He explained, thus The creed which accepts as the human foot of morals, Utility, or the Greatest Happiness Principle, holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happiness is intended pleasure, and the absence of agony by unhappiness, inconvenience, and the privation of pleasure (Mill).It appears therefore, that u tilitarianism attaches moral value, not on the motive behind mans actions, but on the effect that such action makes on people. Bentham and Mill assumed that pleasure and pain are the basic motivations of man, such that he avoids pain and seeks pleasure (West). Applying this principle to my ethical dilemma, I subtract that accepting the project would promote the happiness of many people, namely, myself and the executives of the two corporations that would derive monetary benefits from the success of the project.The people who could be consuming tobacco would likewise find happiness in the availability of a product that they enjoy having, albeit this happiness comes with the danger of disease or even death. Nevertheless, I leave such pickaxe to the holders of the lives concerned, namely, the consumers. It is, after all, ultimately their choice whether to remain healthy or otherwise. In sum, two ethical principles, namely Aristotelian and utilitarian ethics, support the decision to a ccept the position as head of the project and promote tobacco products.