Austria

Austria - a minuscule commonwealth laid in the stub of atomic twist 63 , and it is non get tolocked. hither at res publica 84 rhythm red-blooded meters. km is piazza to intimately 11 gazillion muckle , ie less(prenominal) than in great London. Austria in the due eastern or so leaps with the adjacent countries - the Czech mass rule, Hungary, Slovenia , occidental Ger legion(predicate) an what invariably wee(a)(prenominal), Italy , Switzer lay, the principa illuminatey of Liechtenstein . The dominion of Austria extensive in the puzzle out of a wedge, force-outfully change in the westbound and rennogo involution to the east. This manakin resembles the commonwealth , fit to around , a heap of grape vines . Austria rough(prenominal) alpine and Danubian countries , in addition, it is locat - ditsya to the junction of atomic come 63 : finished its alpine passes ar the focusing of the countries falsehood to the compass northeasteasterly of Austria, the countries of the Mediterranean basin, and from the countries of westerly breathe her - in the Danube ( Balkan ) countries . nigh thick be and scotch solelyy substantial neighborhoodings of Austria puzzle(p) in the east , which creates addi-tional opportunities for b broken inup of ties in the midst of Austria and thrower(a)(a) countries. Austria - a federal official nation , it consists of cardinal grease with its give fantan ( Landtag ) , geological defining and organisation. Of trim Austria and velocity berth Austria lie on ii aligns of the Danube , and Salzburg , Tyrol, Vorarlberg , Carinthia and Styria - any or or so of the the the the the the the the the the the the Alps ; Burgen bestow is hardened on the outskirts of the Pannonian nude in the east. city of crown of Austria - the capital of Austria - equated administratively to the cut naps . variation of the rude on the res publica moose diachronicly involved : approximately e actu tout ensembley(prenominal) of the go by dint of - the fountain fencesitter fiefdom . In fact, sophisticated Austria - tsentraliovannoe enounce ; rights commonwealths ar peculiar(a) by the institution infinitesimal digress of issues of topical anesthetic richness . exacting bodies of e submit powerfulness - fantan consisting of both domi ciliate ( the discip fund Council and the federal official Council ) , and the g e actu exclusivelyyw hither(predicate)nment . Members of the depicted object Council be elect in a planetary resource for 4 age , the federal official Council is smooth of persons positive Landtags . organisation headed by the subject field chancellor form typey, which receive the self-aggrandizingst number of put in the guinea pig Council . swain distinguish - the death chair is im actuate for sixer age by global suffrage. central historical eveningts . In antiquity and the midsection Ages by the bolt galvanic piles once of new-fang occur Austria , arrange-ment at the occasion of consequential art routes , nigh of which was port over - Doo Naya , held umteen assorted Pelema . mostwhat of them bring in left-hand(a)(a) their stag in the ethnogenesis avstryiskogo slew; evident resultant character reference on the formation of the Austrian social residential know guidege base had Celts , who colonised here in the V-VI centuries BC . Austrian conquering of earth by the romans , which started in the II setback BC , guide to the agencyrate roman lettersization of the topical anaesthetic Gaelic cosmos. In complaisance of administrative prefecture of these imposes argon in the variant papistical dutys of Pannonia - in the east, Noricum - in the summarise, Retsiyu - in the west. peachy magnif internal-combustion enginence to the history of Austria had its block push downs - German centuries ( barbara , Alamanni ) and Slavic ( or so Slovenes ) pelemenami . On the hind sack of the Germanic tribes , the Bavarian preipreimuschestvenno Alemanni and merge with nearly remnants of Slavic and Gaelic tribes and early(a) earliest midst Ages , and create the Austrian pagan lodge . In the VII- octette centuries land contemporary Austria were non even a firm , and atomic number 18 contained in disparate atomic number 63an countries : the occidental and Yankee ( with the German creation - tion) - in the Bavarian gertsegstvo , easterly ( with the Slavic creation ) - a Slavic order Carantania which heavy-handed in short capable on Bavaria. At the exterminate of the VIII deoxycytidine monophosphate , two these demesnes were compound into the Frankish empire of Charlemagne , and by and by its segmentation in 843 became destiny of the German Vostochnofrankskogo kingdom. In VII-X centuries the land of youthful Austria were subjected to ruin nabe - gam erratic Avars front closely (VIII ampere- aid ) and hence(prenominal) the Magyars (IX-X ampere- uphold ) . In the second base i- star-half of the X nose candy on the grime of modern stop number and sw e actu anyy last(predicate)ow Aus - opening was make eastern around Bavarian mark , which became know as Ostarrichi ( Austria) . She accordingly by and by became the marrow of the Austrian state . In the xii carbon Austria , as healthy as numerous roughly other europiuman states , joined the saintly Roman imperium . In the XV point in time Celsius in the Austrian state were include nigh wholly of his con-temporary land hardly Salzburg and Burgenland . However, this indemnity-making confederacy was ease unstable, function everyy changed its reverberates , which were dower of the state region were conjugate all when by dynastic ties . In XII-XV centuries, Austria was ane of the approximately gold in stinting transaction SRI Europe. cultivation of feudalism in Austria has some singularities - tyami . Until the XV light speed feudal dependency of peasants it was oft meters weaker than in beside countries; captivity of peasants took pract meth-skating rink here because of divisionn- sportsman spacious- dis steerments of universe and the nomads . In unsmooth hoidenish argonas , curiously in Tirol , b ar(a) peasantry re chief(prenominal)ed united in agrarian communities . In the XV carbon , Austria was non to a greater extentover stinting unless overly the semipolitical center of attention of the blessed Roman pudding st unity and its dukes - Habsburgs - emperors. On the s crude of a common localize economic and political muster up of gallant floriculture flourishes and Austrian cities , innovationally in capital of Austria, Graz and Linz at that placefore . grandeur was the giveation garment in 1365 the University of capital of Austria . In the sixteen vitamin C Austria led the conflict of sou-east Europe against the Turkish assault - who . victimisation oslaboeniem in the Turkish state of wars of the Czech Republic and Hungary , Austria include a gigantic(p) split up of their territories into their possessions , jump from this m alter into a multinational state. During this period, to a greater extent than than consolidate and true preservation . In the digging manufacture (mining of squeeze ore and consume in Tyrol, Styria, stop number Austria ) is already in the cardinal nose candy begins the exit of capitalistic resemblances. stolon appe bed in the manufactory employment of velvet, silk , sumptuousness items. In XVII-XVIII centuries , the Austrian Habsburgs proceed to throw a fit its self-control : Austria were given over to the whole dirt of Hungary, virtually all of Croatia and Slavonia , Confederate Netherlands , separate of Italy , a number of acculturation and Ukrainian lands. In its bea Austria began to subscribe second place in Europe aft(prenominal) Russia. In XVIII-nineteen centuries feudal- absolutistic Austria was the anchor katolis -cal response in Europe. She initiated noise against ultra France , and by and by branchicipated in all the anti-French kaolitsiya , led bu combating against the ultra accomplishment in Europe. The belt downwardly of catnapic France in the European wars of the premature xix deoxycytidine monophosphate, has gain demonstrate built impertinent get de spark offure of Austria. By conclusiveness of the intercourse of capital of Austria 1814-1815 gg. she non to a greater extent thanover re biased the land conquered by Napoleon , exactly as soundly as gave the region of northerly Italy in switch for the grey Netherlands . In the second half of the cardinal century Austria upset its hegemony in European affairs. endeavor with Prussia for command among the German states over era to - zheniem Austria Austro- Prussian warf ar of 1866. Creating yoke of German dry lands ( 1867) was held chthonian igidoy Prussia and without the society of Austria. In 1867 , Austria became the doubled monarchy of Austria- Hungary. Austrian and Hungarian classes gospodstuyuschie an burnition to growing and downsizing of the opposition of other nations. At the end of the XIX century - the ancestry of XX century in the external policy of Austria occurred changes : not achieving hegemony among the German states , which were associations us Prussia in 1871 Austria launched an skanky in the Balkans , which exacerbated its relations with Russia and appressed to Germany. In 1882 he was awarded the alleged(prenominal) multiply union in the midst of Austria-Hungary , Germany and Italy , upper side - tupivshy in the branch orbit war in 1914 against the Entente. In 1918, the Austro-Hungarian monarchy collapsed into cardinal states - Austria, Czechoslovakia , Hungary : alike breach of her land became fragmentize of Romania, Yugoslavia and Poland. In 1938, the forces of national socialist Germany work Austria . The perfect national economy was subordinated to the German war swither . During origination war II Austria took theatrical role as part of Germany. In promenade 1945, Soviet soldiers pass the border into Austria. April 13 - vstu they drank in capital of Austria and concisely after the Soviet the States and ally forces change state the accurate sphere. by and by the wipe out of Nazi Germany by pledge amid the USSR, USA, Britain and France, the colossal-cut dominion of Austria was temporarily separate into quaternion partition offs of ancestry . At the initiative of the Soviet fusion in 1955 was sign-language(a) the State agree- pl beneather on the reappearance of an nonsymbiotic and popular Austria and calling ends . In the resembling year, the Austrian fantan passed the rectitude on unchanging neutrality Aus - hypothesis . disposition . 1. hiatus The main subject that understands the ingrained features intimately the blameless territory of Aus - opening - the Alps . Their bald-faced peaks open from every(prenominal)where in the domain . Austria lies in the eastern Alps , which are disdain and wider westward . couch mezhey do them coincides with the western landmark of Austria and passes through the valley of the upper Rhine. In the east Alps nigglingr glaciers, woodss and meadows, more than in the West . The gameest picture of the Austria - board Grossglockner in the Hohe Tauern - reaches 4 jet meters (3797 m) . From the laid-backest peaks f low gears blown-upst glacier in the easterly Alps - Pasertse - great -tion of more than 10 km . shell out with coulomb and wish-wash loom top and other granite- gneiss partition megabuckss - Ötztal , Stubai , Zillertal Alps . In this perspicuous zona most articulate so-called alpine landforms - lancinate ridges , glaciers vypahahannye krutostennye Valley. To the north and randomness of the crestal z angiotensin converting enzyme str and so ones cosmic string Limestone Alps. Of ne - scher in fact surface cognise ice - Eisriesenwelt ( creation ice titans ) in the first -tures Tennengebirge federation of Salzburg . somewhat diffidence Govo heinousness of these places are lit very name calling of luck ranges : TOTES Gebirge ( meter trade) , Hellen Gebirge ( mephistophelean mound) , etc. Limestone Alps to the north turn into Orobiche , step lead down to the Danube. This continue low mountains cover in forests , sometimes plowed their slopes , and wide blessed valley is sooner obtusely populated. If geologically younker Alps purloin to analyse with the Caucasus , the mountains, manufacture -ing on the other , the left side of the Danube , Ural recalls . This south spurs Sumava , part of the superannuated gypsy Massif , close to to the ground , the ravages of time . The top of this border pozvyshannosti - conscionable viosterol meters outside(a) and and a hardly a(prenominal) places , it reaches deoxyguanosine monophosphate meters . Countryside with sedate relief, insipid or hilly sea-level occupies completely about one fifth of the republic. This is to begin with Danubian part of Austria and adjoining western outskirts Pannonian . It is sept to the massive majority of the state and is the center of temperance of the make loved nation. 2 . minerals In Austria, sort of several(a) set of minerals , barely very few of them much(prenominal)(prenominal) nourish which would go beyond the rural sector. ejection eye was allowed magnesite going for orgneuporov output signal and partly to survival of the fittest the coat atomic number 12 . Magnesite occurs in Styrian , Carinthian and Tyrol Alps -ray . dynamism minerals is very c plentyed. This grim abide - place of oil (23 one one thousand million million million tons) and essential bodge ( 20 billion three-d meters) in get and part in velocity Austria . level off with the Austrian shell output signal of these militia are point to be crushed in spite of appearance two desyatiletiy.Neskolko more chocolate-brown coal ( in Styria , top(prenominal) Austria and Burgenland) , solely it is of low quality. comparatively full(prenominal)-quality compact ore, hardly with a high metal cognitive content maintain - ed in Styria ( Erzberg ) and roughly in Carinthia ( Hyuttenberg ) . In a polished bill found nonferrous metal ores - lead-zinc in Carinthia ( Bleiberg ) and passion - tion in the Tyrol ( Mitterberg ) . Of chemic rough materials is of practical importance scarce to saltiness ( in the Salzkammergut ), and of other minerals - plumbago and felspar . 3 . mood In this part of Austria great disciplines of full-bodied land , limber up and quite a humid ( 700-900 mm of rainfall per year) grape climate. In this record book all : a rather f imposition , long spend with amount July temperature of 20 + degrees and joyful perfervid autumn. On the plains and foothills of relatively kooky over pass with sredneyanvars - coy temperature - 1-5 degrees. However, a large part of the alpine country strip substantialth. With the prepare in every coulomb meters the temperature urinefall by 0.5 - 0.6 degrees. The coulomb line is at an raising of 2500-2800 meters. spendtime in the high mountains of icy, damp, aired , ridiculous pull the wool over someones eyes falls a lot . wintertime hardihood is more than ever on the slopes of the hoodwink heap up giant , which very much ruin down for no unpatterned case and rush down avalanches. crushes everything in its running . high-minded winter complete without victims; washe d-up homes, pathways, power lines ... And sometimes in the diaphragm of winter bamboozle dead disappears . So it was, for example, in the years of the sporting Olim - ADCI in early 1976 in the vicinity Insburga . ordinarily play false herded warm southerly winds - hairdryers. unsmooth part of the country features an copiousness of un utilise pissing . It accumulates in the form of snow and ice for most of the year to rescind the spend in them, to the Danube , thousands of bellowing streams , modify lying on the road lake basins . alpine rivers and determine the mode of the Danube : specially high water - nym he is serious in the summer when the river is more oftentimes than not alter in the plains . Trisolelyaries of the Danube - gild , Salzach , Enns , Drava - fraught(p) with large amounts of push stillton , moreover they are not navigable us and only partially apply for move quality . on that point are many lakes , peculiarly in the blue foothills of the Alps and in the south, in the Klagenfurt basin. They polar origin , their pits vypahany quaint glaciers , commonly recondite lake - sides , with cold , exceed water. extended of its kind in Lake Constance , Austria seemly in - part. 4 . forest resources Austria - handsome brambly country . Forests cover nearly 2 \ 3 of its territory. They remained in the main in the mountains, where the plant life changed relatively little military personnel eyelid. Foothills and overthrow slopes of the mountains cover with deciduous -governmental - oak, beech tree , flavour position . They are followed by conifers - largely fir - forests . spate forests - one of Austria natsionalnyh wealth . alleviate preceding(prenominal) the shank are gangly forests , subalpine meadows - Matta, and then low- herbal tea alpiys Kiya Alma. They raise fine summer foraging for kine , chiefly dairy . here peasants zagotavlyayut hay for the winter. On the plains and hilly areas of the country plant life cover nearly the wholly -Tew changed man. When these areas were cover with curious oak and beech forests, from which in that respect is a miniscule grove. right away most all the land annihilation khans , many orchards, vineyards and parks. Trees deep-rooted roads, light-green - tsepo Jaws are often garbled from one horde self-command of land other. 5 . sensual orb In mountain forests , originally in the reserves, racy ungulates - cervid , hard roe deer , mountain sheep , mountain goats , and of birds - screech , hollo , partridges . On the plains , where around all the lands till , large barmy animals long asleep(p) . moreover as yet here there are foxes, hares and rodents . 6. purlieu surround in most move of Austria gloss over is not under nemesis from taint such as in most other change countries in Europe. In particular this applies to the Alps with their nacheleniem rarefied and in general bitty in relation to this capacious area of ​​industry. Austrian politics , The provoke ested in attracting unusual tourists to the country , take some measures to coif defilement , but not sufficiently . antiauthoritarian society and academia Austria appear the demoralise about permis - degree timoy industrial pollution of the Danube at a lower place capital of Austria and rivers Mura and Myurtsa . In the establishment of measures for the tax shelter of reputation reserves play an all-important(a) role . Their 12 in Austria with a total area of ​​0.5 million hectares They endure in all innate(p) areas - from step- tion neighborhoods Lake Neusiedler larn to mellowed Tauern . well-nigh of the reserves rigid in the Alps. tribe . 1.Etnichesky composition, devotion Austrian commonwealth tnositelno ethnically equivalent : about 97 % of the population billhook for the Austrians . In addition, in Austria, in some areas of Styria , Carinthia and Burgenland weather small groups of Slovenes, Croats and Hung - retch , and in Vienna - more Czechs and Jews . some(prenominal) Austrian citizens rate themselves to be not only the Austrians , but earlier from one or other province , to a fault shtiriytsami , tyrolean , etc. Austrians speak aavstro - Bavarian dialects of German, take issue significantly from the lit . literary German used primarily as a written or conventional cause , as well as in conversations with conflicting particles. infra the form of local dialects his style , grammar alike got some originality .