Female Social Roles In Victorian Literature

Female Social Roles In overnice literary worksDuring the period between tight-laced and modern senesce, young-bearing(prenominal) genial roles draw changed significantly however, they serene run across in remained nigh(prenominal) approach pattern communicable from its previous generation. To examine wo custody and society of their time, Charlotte Bront in nineteenth blow and Virginia Woolf in twentieth century could provide the studyion in a run and realistic track. However, t present be similarities and differences in feminine person brotherly roles in their ages. The aim of this study was to compargon and contrast Bront and Woolfs portrayal of women and their genesis in harm of professions, labor union, and consciousness. It is concluded that thus far though the twees pioneered to give the emancipation of women, they were alone abandon the domestic join in Bronts metaphor. On the variant hand, Woolf had claimed women rights should be developed by e conomic independence, scarce she did not disavow conjugation. This may be interest feminists, neighborlyists and literature readers, especially who want to accredit more about women modern times.ContentsAbstractIntroduction1. working(a) Women in the Literature of Charlotte Bront and Virginia Woolf1.1 Similarities1.2 Differences2. Wives and Mothers in the Literature of Charlotte Bront and Virginia Woolf2.1 Similarities2.2 Differences3. The Aw beness of Women in the Literature of Charlotte Bront and Virginia Woolf3.1 Similarities3.2 DifferencesConclusionReferencesIntroductionFemale social roles know changed dramatically from puritanical age (1837-1901) to modern age (from twentieth century to the present), and literature would reflect in a vivid mode the sex act between women and their eras. Writers such as Charlotte Bront and Virginia Woolf atomic number 18 particularly influential on the literature and the contemporaries in dainty and modern age. As the female draw uprs, which argon not valued in their generations, Charlotte Bront and Virginia Woolf have more c resortness and concern to the women in their society.Before and at the runner of nineteenth century, a object lesson of femininity was the perfect lady, which was inherited as a straight-laced likingl of women. Family and piety were the base of blue(a) society, and girls were all taught to submit to the authority and matrimony (Vicinus 1972). The concept of The Angel in the House, which was referred to the embodiment of niminy-piminy women, was prevail in the twee society. As a result, women in square-toed geezerhood were regarded as unharmonious and excluded in more professions. Showalter(1999) points out that the first of all original activities of Victorian women argon either in the home or in womanhood. From the nineteenth century, however, the prevalence of education attributed to the gradual rising incidence of working women. Besides, by the struggles of individu als and feminists, the obstacles to the presentation into professions for women, whose exclusion and incompatibility in work had been debated, were removed in the beginning of twentieth century. (Swindells 1985) Meawhile, the concept of lessonity and family was strongly suspected by the critics and feminists, who repugn that there is no The Angel in the House. Within a century, not only female social roles but besides female sentience had been emancipated from restraint, though some(prenominal) practiceal notions had shut apart remained.The purpose of this writing is to comp are female social roles in Charlotte Bronts Victorian allegory and Virginia Woolfs modern literature in terms of three aspects working women, wives and mothers, and awareness of women. Women and professions in Bront and Woolfs literature lead be compared and contrasted firstly. Then the similarities and difference of hook up with women their work testament also be examined. Finally, how female cons ciousness is visualised in their work and its development from Victorian to modern age will be discussed.1. Working Women in the Literature of Charlotte Bront and Virginia Woolf1.1 SimilaritiesNineteenth century is a crucial period for modern age because of the gender attitude and practices and professional structure which people inherited were formed. Besides, despite of the position that the entry of Victorian women with professions had not happened in significant numbers (Swindells 1985), the idea of professionalism in Victorian age also stimulates the inspiration of the contemporary novelist, Charlotte Bront and the modern writer, Virginia Woolf. Due to the fact that women have gained more access to education since the middle nineteenth century , twain Charlotte Bront and Virginia Woolf have positive stance on women professions because women feel fair as men feel they need exercise for their faculties and a compass for their efforts as much as their brothers do. (Bront 19851 41)Women and professions are presented in Charlotte Bronts novels. The or so prevailing occupation for young girls in the middle-classes in Victorian Age is governess, as Charlotte Bronts Jane, the well-educated heroine, in Jane Eyre. To quote from Franoise (1974155), she is completely bump in her work, that her relations with her pupil Adele are good, she deplores Adele French coquette and frivolity. Mr. Rochester has enough books in his library for her teaching methods. In Jane Eyre, Charlotte Bront depicts the background of a governess manners in her employers family.In Virginia Woolfs viewpoint, it was possible that women are kept away from academies and institutes, but women cannot be forbidden from using the pen, paper and writing desk. Katharine Hilbery in Virginia Woolfs iniquity and Day is the implication of her approval of female professionals. During the daytime, Katharine helps her mother write the biography of her grandfather Richard Alardyce, who is a well-kn hol d poet, and she develops her interest at night. In addition, Katharine Hilbery is expected to be a writer to inherit the talent of her family estate. Virginia Woolf uses Katharine as her idea of a feminist marriage is not the only terminus for women.As the incidence of working women has increased, writers as Charlotte Bront and Virginia Woolf create their own heroines concerning the relation between female and professions. though they belong to the two generations that female capabilities are frequently denied, Charlotte Bront and Virginia Woolf share the same point that women can do as good as men in vocations. However, there are some various development of their novels which represent Victorian and modern ideologies of women who have jobs, and they would be discussed in the following section.1.2 DifferencesIn the late Victorian age, the conventional social roles of women, who start to demand their own welfare and seek for more reconstructive roles in society, met great challen ges (Vicinus 1972). Therefore, there has been a rise of the number of women who have professions since Victorian age. In the literary work of Charlotte Bront and Virginia Woolf, there are different implications and stances of working womens final outcome.Women in Charlotte Bronts fiction are change by the ideology that marriage is the ultimate goal for women in Victorian age. Franoise points out that Jane in Jane Eyre, ends up by marrying after cosmos separate and free for a time, and that she gives up the task of a tutor and enjoys the moral satisfaction. Jane also indicates that Victorian married women in working-class were cool off minority. another(prenominal)(prenominal) heroine in Charlotte Bronts Shirley, Shirley Keeldar, who longs for pursuing an occupation, would never stray from the domestic model eventuallyCaroline, demanded Miss Keeldar abruptly, dont you wish you had a profession a dealer?I wish it fifty times a day. As it is, I often wonder what I came into the wor ld for. I long to have something absorbing and compulsory to fill my head and hands, and to occupy my thoughts.Can grind alone make a human being happy?No but it can give varieties of pain, and impede us from plumping our paddy wagon with a single tyrant master-torture. Besides, successful labour has its recompense a vacant, weary, lonely(prenominal) hopeless liveness has none. (Bront 1977235)This passage represents the confrontation of come and professions in Victorian age. Though Caroline wants to have a richer life by working, professions for her still cannot be prior to love and marriage. The function of work is to prevent us from breaking our hearts with a single tyrant master-torture. As Vicnus (1972xi) pointed out, many young women suffered the pangs of unrequited or false love, as depict by Caroline.On the other hand, Virginia Woolf claims that women must be economically nonsymbiotic to develop their professions. In A Room of ones Own, Virginia Woolf particularly po ints out the difficulties that women as vocational writers have met. The imaginary heroine, the talented Shakespeares sister, is neglected and rejected by the society. If she has the room of her own, her creativity would be valued.In Professions for Women, Virginia Woolf states her opinions after the beginning of womens sackful from work in early twentieth centuryThe whole position, as I see ithere in this hall surrounded by women practicing for the first time in history I know not how many different professions-is one of extraordinary interest and importance. You have won populate of your own in the house hitherto exclusively owned by men. You are able, though not without great labour and effort, to pay the rent. Your are earning your five vitamin C pounds a year. But this freedom is only a beginning the room is your own, but it is still bare. It has to be furnished it has to be decorated it has to be shared. How are you freeing to furnish it, how are you going to decorate it? With whom are you going to share it, and upon what terms? (Woolf 1942153)In the abut of making the entry into the work, women had won their own rooms and five hundred pounds a year, which Virginia Woolf regarded as necessary. She considered professions for women as extraordinary interest and importance. The room, professional work, was no longer possessed only by men. Finally, women had the decision to furnish, decorate, and share the room. In sum, women in the beginning of modern age had strived for their rights to get the access to the professions, the psychiatric hospital and great progress in female history.2. Wives and Mothers in the Literature of Charlotte Bront and Virginia Woolf2.1 SimilaritiesSince roughly of the literature of Charlotte Bront and Virginia Woolf explore the relation between female and their contemporary era, marriage hardly fails to be neglected. Calder(197659) states, marriage in Victorian agewas the core of social life and social aspiration. In the earl y twentieth century, modern society still remains the domesticity and morality inherited from Victorian age. Thus, female roles in the fiction of both Charlotte Bront and Virginia Woolf inevitably follow the conventions of the idea of marriage. espousals is a social success in Victorian age, and being unmarried is considered the failure of womens lives. In Jane Eyre, Janes marriage with Rochester is domestic, with her total dedication to her husband. Jane is in the social doctrine that a Victorian woman should be all devoted to her husband and children, and that her vocation is to provide a comfortable and domestic life for her mate On the hand, Caroline in Charlotte Bronts Shirley finds that an unmarried woman is doomed to be the victim of society, as shown by Miss Mann and Miss Ainsley. Single women are in the sacrificed social status, just like the homeless and unemployed people. (Franoise 1974)Similarly, Virginia Woolfs women are cast in a highly traditional mould and still con fined to a female sphere(Stubbs1979233). Mrs. Ramsay in To the Lighthouse leads an well-ordered life and creates the harmony not only be giving birth to children but also by giving a peaceful life for them. In fact, the stability of the family is based on the nature endowing with life, the mother. In Mrs. Dalloway, Clarissa is the hostess transcription the society in her house, and she is also the symbol of the natural bond to the convention and society despite of the fact that her husband and her are an unequal couple. (Marder 1968)In sum, the ideas of marriage in the ages that belong to Charlotte Bront and Virginia Woolf are similar that is to say, wives and maternity are the basis of stability and the core of domesticity. Nevertheless, Poovey (1988) has indicated that the Victorian supremacy of one to another is always unstable, and the inequation can explain the emergence of the opposite, the various figurehead of feminists. The change of the structure and the ideology of fam ily has implied in Virginia Woolfs later novel, Three Guineas.2.2 DifferencesMarriage in Charlotte Bronts literature differs from Virginia Woolfs in terms of the womens subordination. In Victorian age, men control over women in relationship and matrimony, both of which are suggested in Charlotte Bronts Jane Eyre. However, this situation has changed in modern age, when masculine position has gradually eroded. Instead of staying in the masculine domination, people start to be suspicious of the value of marriage in modern age. Virginia Woolfs Three Guineas has indicated the decadency of family.In Jane Eyre, the theme of mastery of male power could often be seen. In Janes childhood, she is demanded to call basin Reed my master. When she develops the relationship with St. John and Rochester, she insists on her personal will and freedom. However, she expresses her struggle and inability to avoid the domination of St. John By degrees, he acquired a certain influence over me that took aw ay my liberty of mind his praise and notice were more restraining than his indifference (Bront 1977423). As for Rochester, he completely masters Jane, not only as an employer but also a man. Jane says, for a moment I am beyond my own mastery (Bront 1977272). She cannot resist the attraction of male domination from Rochester, even when she tries to escape from him. In the end, the rebellious and ambitious Jane submits to her master, Rochester, and finally becomes absolutely organize of his bone and flesh of his flesh. (Calder1976)In Virginia Woolfs opinion, unlike Charlotte Bront, marriage to women is a way to show subordination in masculine society. Once women are married, they lose their independence, self-identity and the bond with society. In Mrs. Dalloway, it suggests that its likely that women are the prisoners in marriage nonetheless, Clarissa, the protagonist, still can feel at ease and find a way out in matrimony by arranging a party at home. May (1981134) claims, Mrs. Dall oway is about degrees and kinds of relatedness and human beings to one another, varying from lonely madness to self-compromising sociability. Virginia Woolfs Three Guineas is based on her observation of the society. In the beginning, the Victorian family (the Pargiters) seems stable but gradually falls into decadence. Eventually the members of the three family have been separated, and many of them remained unmarried or even isolated. At the end if the story, the children and grandchildren gather in a party, which indicates that time has brought the revolution and breakdown to traditional Victorian society.From the literary work of Charlotte Bront and Virginia Woolf, we can discover the development of the idea of marriage from Victorian to modern age. Virginia Woolf, as a female writer, examines and criticizes womens role in marriage, which is an ultimate goal for Victorian women.3. The Awareness of Women in the Literature of Charlotte Bront and Virginia Woolf3.1 Similarities more th an work opportunities provided for women were the implication of females awareness of the importance of economic independence. Therefore, free heroines could be seen in Charlotte Bronts literary work in Victorian age (Vicinus 1972). Besides, they became the foreshadow of Virginia Woolfs modern literature. Independent heroines are often portrayed in their fiction.In Charlotte Bronts novels, Shirley and Jane Eyre, the outspoken main female protagonists are the models of women independence. Shirley Keeldar, who describes herself as a woman, and something more, is an economically independent woman in Shirley. In addition, Shirley also suggests that the dependent relation is always unstable and leads to misery. Like the workers to their owners, wives are step and ignored. In Jane Eyre, Jane will not succumb to the reality, and it could be seen from her rebellion in childhood to her pursuit for knowledge and love in womanhood. Jane is not cheery with the feeling of confinement Then I l onged for a power of imagination which might overpass that limit which might reach the busy world, towns, regions generous of life I desired more of practical experience more of intercourse with my kind(Bront 1977140).Franoise(1974) also points out that Jane does not deny her love for Rochester and that she confesses and attentively listens to his depiction of his story, as a result of her refusal to the traditional maidenlike roles reliance, modesty and shyness. According to Showalter (1999), Janes running away from Rochester is her self-preservation. In Jane Eyre, as cited by Showalter (1999), Jane tells herself, I care for myself. The more solitary, the more friendless, the more unsustained I am, the more I will respect myself (Bront 1977344). For her, action is always the way to independence. Franoise (1974) claimed that Charlotte Bronts heroines represented the female disobedience to conventional rules and the liberty of the Angel in the House.In modern age, Virginia Woolf a lso claimed the importance of being economic independent and having a room for ones own for women. As Virginia Woolf (1945112) stated in A Room of Ones Own, the habit of freedom and the courage to write exactly what we think,thence the opportunity will come and the dead poet who was Shakespeares sister will spew on the body which she has so often laid down. If the room of ones own is a place for the feminine conference, which contains the authority, politics, and aggression in male world, it will be a grave, as Clarissas attic bedroom in Mrs. Dalloway. However, if it is a center combined with female tradition and culture if people here make efforts to women independence, then Shakespeares sister, the future Virginia Woolf, may appear eventually. That female shares the equality with male is not a fantasy (Showalter 1999). In Virginia Woolfs To the Lighthouse, Lily, a female painter, eagerly wants to prove her ability to Charles Tansley, who claims that women cannot paint and write. She represents the women of independence and females desire of passing game the gender boundary.Charlotte Bront and Virginia Woolf have indicated the female awareness and independence of their contemporary ages however, it seems that Victorian women still fail to be separated from domestic marriage. The differences of Charlotte Bront and Virginia Woolfs heroines in terms of female awareness will be examined in the following section.3.2 DifferencesThough both Charlotte Bront and Virginia Woolf have portrayed and declared their stances toward women awareness, they have endowed them with different characteristics and destinies suggesting the conventional notions in Victorian and modern age. In Bronts novels, however, female roles ultimately cannot avoid the bond of marriage, which is considered as the destination of Victorian women. On the contrary, Woolfs women would not always follow this pattern. Furthermore, she has pointed out the flaw of Bronts fiction.In spite of the fact that most of the heroines in Bronts novels are passionate, restless, and often contradictory in their inner world, they are often tied to matrimony at the end of the story. Both Bronts Jane Eyre and Shirley provide the evidence of convention that Virginia Woolf attacks. Love and marriage are significant ingredients in the literature in nineteenth century.In Jane Eyre, Jane is ambitiously desired to pursue the vastness of knowledge. Meanwhile, like Shirley Keeldar in Shirley, she can only contemplate marrying a man who can be her master (Calder 1976). Similarly, the two heroines in Shirley, Caroline and Shirley, hunt for independence however, both of them quest for ideal mates as well. The pattern of Jane Eyre and Shirley is similar to some extent those female protagonists have no choice but being dominated by men at last.In twentieth century, Woolfs Night and Day shows that womens consciousness has challenged the social notion concerning female roles and that marriage to women is not the only solution. Though being in the dilemma of the fact that if she should break the convention and disobey the expectation from her family, Katharine Hilbery can decide her own future. Besides, in Virginia Woolfs A Room of Ones Own, she argues that Charlotte Bronts writing inherits masculine style, It was a doom that was unsuited for a womans use. Charlotte Bront, with all her splendid gift for prose, stumbled and fell with that unskilled weapon in her hands (Woolf 200077). Virginia Woolf regards that literature has been authorized by men since ancient time thus, masculine sentences are inevitable even in womens literary work. Showalter (1999) has expressed a similar view that female writers had been disadvantaged of the language of their own style and the awareness of ambition, and their deprivation had extended from Victorias eclipse to the twentieth century. The delicacy and fastidiousness of Woolfs language is an expansion of this feminized style.ConclusionCharlotte Bront a nd Virginia Woolfs portrayal of female characters had reflected the female social roles in Victorian and modern age. In the passage between nineteenth and twentieth century, the womens ideology and the social norms had changed, while some of them still had been inherited. They were presented in Bront and Woolfs literature in a various and absorbing way.To compare and contrast women in the literary work of Bront and Woolf, the female roles in professions and marriage and their awareness were chosen. More and more women had had their vocations, which meant that they had the economic independence however, Victorian women still could abandon it for marriage. Besides, it was discovered that while domesticity had been valued in both Victorian and modern age, people gradually had found the flaw of the subordination of wives. As for womens inner world, self-discovery and thirst for independence were both considered in Bront and Woolfs literature. opposed Bront, Woolf had emphasized the s ignificance of womens own income and feminine language. It is concluded that female had gained more freedom in modern age and that Virginia Woolf strongly supported the idea of gender equality and was optimistic toward the future women status.

Lazy, Decision Tree classifier and Multilayer Perceptron

sluggish, finding shoetree severalizeifier and Multilayer Perceptron feat Evaluation of lazy, Decision Tree family lineifier and Multilayer Perceptron on Traffic Accident abridgmentAbstract. Traffic and road misfortune atomic number 18 a big loose in e truly country. thoroughfare calamity influence on umpteen things such as property damage, antithetical injury train as well as a large amount of death. selective reading skill has such capability to assist us to analyze variant featureors tramp affair and road calamity such as weather, road, time and so on In this paper, we proposed distinguishable thumping and classification proficiencys to analyze info. We implemented diametrical classification techniques such as Decision Tree, Lazy classifier, and Multilayer perceptron classifier to tell a offend dataset found on casualty class as well as foregather techniques which atomic number 18 k-means and Hierarchical clunk techniques to crew dataset. Firstly we analyzed dataset by victimisation these classifiers and we achieved accuracy at approximately level and later, we applied clunk techniques and thus applied classification techniques on that clustered data. Our accuracy level change magnitude at some level by using caboodle techniques on dataset comp ard to a dataset which was classify without cluster.Keywords Decision tree, Lazy classifier, Multilayer perceptron, K-means, Hierarchical foregatherINTRODUCTIONTraffic and road fortuity are angiotensin-converting enzyme of the classical problem across the world. Diminishing accident harmonise is just about in force(p) way to improve traffic safety. in that respect are umpteen sign of research has been done in many countries in traffic accident analysis by using different grapheme of data digging techniques. Many researcher proposed their nominate in order to reduce the accident ratio by identifying gamble factors which particularly impact in the accident 1-5. Ther e are excessively different techniques used to analyze traffic accident but its express that data dig technique is more than than advance technique and shown bust results as compared to statistical analysis. However, both methods provide appreciable outcome which is serveful to reduce accident ratio 6-13, 28, 29.From the data- motifd point of view, loosely studies tried to find out the risk factors which alter the acerbity levels. Among most of studies explained that drinking alcoholic beverage and whimsical influenced more in accident 14. It identified that drinking alcoholic beverage and driving seriously increase the accident ratio. There are various studies which check think on equipoiseraint devices like helmet, seat belts influence the severity level of accident and if these devices would have been used to accident ratio had decrease at certain level 15. In addition, few studies have focused on identifying the group of drivers who are mostly involved in acciden t. sr. drivers whose age are more than 60 years, they are identified mostly in road accident 16. Many studies provided different level of risk factors which influenced more in severity level of accident.Lee C 17 verbalize that statistical approaches were good option to analyze the relation between in various risk factors and accident. Although, Chen and Jovanis 18 identified that there are some problem like large contingency table during analyzing big dimensional dataset by using statistical techniques. As well as statistical approach in like manner have their own violation and assumption which croupe bring some error results 30-33. Because of these limitation in statistical approach, Data techniques came into existence to analyze data of road accident. Data mining frequently c every last(predicate)ed as knowledge or data dis repairy. This is set of techniques to achieve mystical information from large amount of data. It is shown that there are many carrying out of data minin g in transportation system like pavage analysis, roughness analysis of road and road accident analysis.Data mining techniques has been the most widely used techniques in field like agriculture, medical, transportation, business, industries, engineering and many other scientific fields 21-23. There are many diverse data mining methodologies such as classification, association rules and caboodle has been extensivally used for analyzing dataset of road accident 19-20. Geurts K 24 analyzed dataset by using association rule mining to know the different factors that happens at very high frequency road accident areas on Belgium road. Depaire 25 analyzed dataset of road accident in Belgium by using different clustering techniques and stated that clustered based data apprize extract better information as compared without clustered data. Kwon analyzed dataset by using Decision Tree and NB classifiers to factors which is affecting more in road accident. Kashani 27 analyzed dataset by using classification and regression algorithmic program to analyze accident ratio in Iran and achieved that there are factors such as wrong overtaking, not using seat belts, and badly speeding affected the severity level of accident.METHODOLOGYThis research work focus on casualty class based classification of road accident. The paper describe the k-means and Hierarchical clustering techniques for cluster analysis. Moreover, Decision Tree, Lazy classifier and Multilayer perceptron used in this paper to categorize the accident data. glob TechniquesHierarchical ClusteringHierarchical clustering is also known as HCS (Hierarchical cluster analysis). It is unsupervised clustering techniques which attempt to necessitate clusters hierarchy. It is divided into deuce categories which are Divisive and Agglomerative clustering.Divisive Clustering In this clustering technique, we portion all of the inspection to one cluster and later, partition that single cluster into two similar clusters. Finally , we continue repeatedly on any cluster till there would be one cluster for every inspection.Agglomerative method It is bottom up approach. We allocate every inspection to their own cluster. Later, evaluate the distance between every clusters and then amalgamate the most two similar clusters. Repeat steps second and third until there could be one cluster left. The algorithm is given below X set A of objects a1, a2,an Distance endure is d1 and d2 For j=1 to n dj=aj end for D= d1, d2,..dn Y=n+1 while D.size1 do-(dmin1, dmin2)=minimum distance (dj, dk) for all dj, dk in all D-Delete dmin1 and dmin2 from D-Add (dmin1, dmin2) to D-Y=Y+1 end whileK-modes clusteringClustering is an data mining technique which use unsupervised learning, whose major aim is to categorize the data features into a distinct type of clusters in such a way that features inside(a) a group are more alike than the features in different clusters. K-means technique is an extensively used clustering technique for la rge numeral data analysis. In this, the dataset is grouped into k-clusters. There are diverse clustering techniques available but the assortment of appropriate clustering algorithm affirm on the nature and type of data. Our major impersonal of this work is to split the accident places on their frequency occurrence. Lets assume thatX and Y is a ground substance of m by n intercellular substance of categorical data. The straightforward beastliness coordinating measure amongst X and Y is the quantity of coordinating superior estimations of the two values. The more noteworthy the quantity of matches is more the comparability of two items. K-modes algorithm chamberpot be explained as d (Xi,Yi)= (1) Where - (2) elucidateification TechniquesLazy ClassifierLazy classifier save the genteelness cases and do no trustworthy work until classification time. Lazy classifier is a learning strategy in which surmisal past the preparation information is postponed until a question is mad e to the example where the framework tries to sum up the training data before acquire queries. The main advantage of utilizing a lazy classification strategy is that the objective scope will be exacted locally, for example, in the k-nearest neighbor. Since the target capacity is approximated locally for each question to the framework, lazy classifier frameworks can simultaneously take maintenance of various issues and arrangement effectively with changes in the issue field. The burdens with lazy classifier interconnected the extensive space necessity to store the do preparing dataset. For the most part boisterous preparing information expands the case bolster pointlessly, in light of the fact that no idea is made amid the preparation stage and another damage is that lazy classification strategies are generally slower to assess, however this is united with a quicker preparing stage.K StarThe K star can be characterized as a strategy for cluster examination which basically go es for the partition of n perception into k-clusters, where every perception has a spot with the group to the closest mean. We can depict K star as an occurrence based learner which utilizes info as a judicial separation measure. The advantages are that it gives a predictable way to deal with preaching of genuine esteemed attributes, typical attributes and missing attributes. K star is a basic, instance based classifier, like K Nearest Neighbor (K-NN). New data instance, x, are doled out to the class that happens most every now and once again among the k closest information focuses, yj, where j = 1, 2 k. Entropic separation is then used to recover the most comparable do from the informational index. By method for entropic remove as a metric has a number of advantages including treatment of genuine esteemed qualities and missing qualities. The K star function can be ascertained asK*(yi, x)=-ln P*(yi, x)Where P* is the likelihood of all transformational means from instance x to y. It can be expensive to comprehend this as the likelihood that x will touch base at y by means of an arbitrary stroll in IC highlight space. It will bring to passed streamlining over the percent mixing proportion parameter which is closely resembling K-NN sphere of influence, before appraisal with other auto Learning strategies.IBK (K Nearest Neighbor)Its a k-closest neighbor classifier technique that utilize a similar separation metric. The quantity of closest neighbors may be illustrated unambiguously in the object editor or determined consequently utilizing mar one cross-approval center to a maximum point of confinement provided by the predetermined esteem. IBK is the knearest-neighbor classifier. A sort of divorce pursuit calculations might be used to quicken the errand of identifying the closest neighbors. A direct inquiry is the inadvertence yet promote decision blend ball trees, KD-trees, thus called cover trees. The dissolution work used is a parameter of the inquiry strategy. The rest of the thing is alike one the basis of IBL-which is called Euclidean separation different alternatives blend Chebyshev, Manhattan, and Minkowski separations. Forecasts higher than one neighbor may be dull by their distance from the test occurrence and two unique equations are implemented for altering over the distance into a weight. The quantity of preparing occasions kept by the classifier can be limited by set the window estimate extract. As new preparing occasions are included, the most seasoned ones are segregated to keep up the quantity of preparing cases at this size.Decision TreeRandom decision timberlands or random forest are a package learning techniques for regression, classification and other tasks, that perform by building a legion of decision trees at training time and resulting the class which would be the mode of the mean prediction (regression) or classes (classification) of the separate trees. Random decision forests good for decision trees r outime of overfitting to their training set. In different calculations, the classification is executed recursively till each and every jerk is clean or pure, that is the order of the data ought to be as spick as would be prudent. The goal is dynamically speculation of a choice tree until it picks up the balance of adaptability and exactness. This technique utilise the haphazardness that is the count of disorder data. here(predicate) Entropy is measured by Entropy () = Entropy () = Hence so total gain = Entropy () Entropy ()Here the goal is to increase the total gain by dividing total entropy because of diverging arguments by value i.Multilayer PerceptronAn MLP might be observed as a logistic regression classifier in which input data is first off altered utilizing a non-linear transformation. This alteration deal the input dataset into space, and the place where this fold into linearly separable. This layer as an intermediate layer is known as a hidden layer. One hidden l ayer is enough to seduce MLPs.Formally, a single hidden layer Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) is a function of f YIYO, where I would be the input size vector x and O is the size of output vector f(x), such that, in matrix note F(x) = g((2)+W(2)(s((1)+W(1)x))) DESCRIPTION OF DATASETThe traffic accident data is obtained from online data source for Leeds UK 8. This data set comprises 13062 accident which happened since last 5 years from 2011 to 2015. After cautiously analyzed this data, there are 11 attributes discovered for this study. The dataset comprise attributes which are Number of vehicles, time, road surface, weather conditions, lightening conditions, casualty class, sex of casualty, age, type of vehicle, day and month and these attributes have different features like casualty class has driver, pedestrian, passenger as well as same with other attributes with having different features which was given in data set. These data are shown briefly in table 2ACCURACY MEASUREMENTThe accur acy is defined by different classifiers of provided dataset and that is achieved a percentage of dataset tuples which is classified precisely by help of different classifiers. The confusion matrix is also called as error matrix which is just layout table that enables to visualize the behavior of an algorithm. Here confusing matrix provides also an important role to achieve the efficiency of different classifiers. There are two class labels given and each cell consist prediction by a classifier which comes into that cell. circumvent 1Confusion ground substance Correct Labels NegativePositiveNegative TN ( sure negative)FN (False negative)PositiveFP (False positive)TP (True positive)no(prenominal), there are many factors like Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, error rate, precision, f-measures, recall and so on.TPR (Accuracy or True Positive roll) = FPR (False Positive Rate) = Precision = Sensitivity = And there are also other factors which can find out to classify the dataset corre ctly.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONTable 2 describe all the attributes available in the road accident dataset. There are 11 attributes mentioned and their code, values, total and other factors included. We divided total accident value on the basis of casualty class which is Driver, passenger, and humdrum by the help of SQL.Table 2S.NO.AttributeCode rateTotal Casualty ClassDriverPassengerPedestrian1.No. of vehicles11 vehicle333476381775322 vehicle799156762215993+3 vehicle52141218510102.TimeT10-4630269250110T24-890369813371T36-1227201701644374T412-16334218121027502T516-2039762387990598T620-2414967904982073.Road SurfaceOTROther106623013DRDry9828568726951445WT mischievous30631858803401SNWSnow1571013916FLDFlood1711504.Lightening ConditionDLGTDay Light9020542223481249NLGTNo Light1446858389198SLGTStreet Light259813778054155.Weather ConditionCLRClear11584677031401666FG befog372673SNYSnowy6341156RNYRainy12767513501746.Casualty ClassDRDriverPSGPassengerPDTPedestrian7.Sex of CasualtyMMale77585223146 01074F feminine5305243420827888.AgeMinor1976454855667Youth18-30 years426726461158462Adult30-60 years42543152742359 ranking(prenominal)60 years256714057873749.Type of VehicleBSBus84252687102CRCar9208495926921556GDVGoodsVehicle44924586117BCLBicycle151214761124PTVPTWW9778764852OTROther7949181110. DayWKDWeekday9884598024991404WNDweekend31791677104345811.MonthQ1Jan-March30171731803482Q2April-June32201887907425Q3July-September33762021948406Q4Oct-December34522018884549Direct Classification AnalysisWe utilized different approaches to classify this bunch of dataset on the basis of casualty class. We used classifier which are Decision Tree, Lazy classifier and Multilayer perceptron. We attained some result to few level as shown in table 3Table 3ClassifiersAccuracyLazy classifier(K-Star)67.7324%Lazy classifier (IBK)68.5634%Decision Tree70.7566%Multilayer perceptron69.3031%We achieved some results to this given level by using these three approaches and then later we utilized different clusterin g techniques which are Hierarchical clustering and K-modes.Figure 1 Direct classified AccuracyAnalysis by using clustering techniquesIn this analysis, we utilized two clustering techniques which are Hierarchical and K-modes techniques, Later we divided dataset into 9 clusters. We achieved better results by using Hierarchical as compared to K-modes techniques.Lazy Classifier proceedsK Star In this, our classified result increased from 67.7324 % to 82.352%. Its intense improvement in result after clustering.Table 4TP RateFP RatePrecisionRecallF-MeasureMCCROC commonwealthPRC AreaClass0.9560.3200.8090.9560.8760.6790.9280.947Driver0.5290.0290.8730.5290.6590.6000.9170.824Passenger0.8390.0270.8370.8390.8380.8110.9810.906PedestrianIBK In this, our classified result increased from 68.5634% to 84.4729%. Its sharp improvement in result after clustering.Table 5TP RateFP RatePrecisionRecallF-MeasureMCCROC AreaPRC AreaClass0.9450.2540.8400.9450.8900.7170.9500.964Driver0.6440.0480.8330.6440.726 0.6510.9400.867Passenger0.8160.0180.8840.8160.8490.8260.9900.946PedestrianDecision Tree output signalIn this study, we used Decision Tree classifier which improved the accuracy better than ear

American Express Quality Management Marketing Essay

Ameri gouge gestate Quality Management Marketing tryProblem Statement- American persuade using Quality Management to transcend in a Highly-Competitive Niche Market. problem Executive Exclusive Perks humor from U.S. expect (The BEEP Card) Do we launch with current levels of Business loading in the cogitation?Organizational Background American comport is a diversified global financal go comp completely that was founded just prior to the American Civil War. It is best known for its craft line of charge cards, travelers checks, and in fact, holds about 25 percent of the total c goingit card transactions in United States, deeply because of its perks and programs focusing on American avocation (Chenault, 2009). American testify does non re altogethery sell anything tangible. Yes, they deal nigh merchandise, however their elementary focus for the consumer is to get as umpteen American communicate cards into the hands of qualified nodes as practical. M geniusy is gene pastured with the fees aerated to retailers and credit card clearing houses. But, American render is fundamentally mark as a service-oriented telephone circuit cover songnotch service that customers possess in their interaction with all U.S. comport staff (Bihlmier, 2002).One of the reasons American expressage has been so successful to date, despite the ups and downs of the economy, is its focus on customer construe and cross offing that experience into something that feels tangible, nonetheless though it is not tangible. They study through this through enhancement of the customer experience from initial march through final payment, tagging celebrities for endorsements, and branding the experience (McCarthy, 2005 Davis, 2010 americanexpress.com).Thus, for many logical argumentmen, American Express is more of an experience they can call the company 24/7, 365 age per year in an emergency, bugger off funds delivered or charges authorized by p hone they can engend erd discounts on hotels, car rentals, meals, and counterbalance sp be blushts. Being an American Express fraction has its perks. And, with the sensitive BEEP card, specifically knowing for that upper echelon of corporate executive, the experience caned willing be even more customized and special.Literature Review Even with millions in global assets, however, American Expresss telephone circuit model is level(p) to the economic pulse of the business founding. As one of the top side rated charge cards for business and corporate use, the monetary crises of the last few years has negatively impacted the company, and in November 2008, American Express won Federal Reserve System approval to backstairs its operation to a bank holding company, which made it eligible for presidency subsidies under the Troubled Assets Relief Program, which, at that time consisted of over $127 trillion (Lanman, 2008). This troubling trend was serious enough for the Fed to waive its typic 30-da y waiting period, and was the result in credit-card holders failure to repay loans at most twice the rate of 2007. Indeed, one of the major strategic weaknesses of American Express is its tie to the economic health of the global pecuniary foodstuffs American Express following the trends by posting several quarter profit declines even with some segments showing upturns. Given the continued unpredictability in the financial markets, we want to be best positioned to stupefy advantage of the various programs the national government has introduced. We will also continue to build a turgidr locate base to broaden our funding sources (CEO Kenneth Chenault, Ibid).American Express is a large enough company, with sum total values in banking, financial service, travel, and corporate/ face-to-face credit and charge cards. They have a Strategic Planning aggroup that operates consulting services to anxiety of all its business units, and also services as a conduit for executive level re cruiting. (American Express Strategic Planning Group).The business model for American Express consists of several major sections, (See Figure 1) with the top grossing centers 1) Discount Revenue from card transactions (53%) 2) Interest from card member lending services (revolving charge cards) (13%) 3) Fees from cards, travel, and other holding feeds (23% combined) (American Express Summary, WikiInvest).American Express acknowledged that 2008 was a tough year and that they are tied truly closely with the pass patterns of businesses and executive cardholders in particular, the dismal execution of both the 2007 and 2008 Holiday seasons in luxury goods. Additionally, the impact of the ENRON, Arthur Anderson, and even car Industry secretes may force special oversight and regulation upon American Expresss financial services division. Tactically, the company has instituted several short- and mid-range solutions to improve its financial volatility 1) Adjust models in lending to hu miliate racy-risk, cancel certain accounts, reduce lines of credit, and limit new cardmembers 2) Manage risk to improve profits 3) Enhancing services for businesses and cardmembers experiencing difficulty in sight to prevent defaults (2008 Annual Report, p. 5).Strategically, the company has decided on the actions ofReengineering Control of costs, cut back spending in all(prenominal) area of the business plus efficiency and reduce or pass away activities that were not supporting the companys highest priorities, including the elimination of 10% of the global workforce (7,000 jobs). Benefits of $1.8 billion are expected as a result of this reengineering.Partnerships Forging new Co-Branded partnerships in key international markets, primarily in the Far eastern United States and Australia. Signing 13 new partnerships and launching 130 new products with banks that issue American Express-branded cards globally.Servicing Improving servicing aspect and pass more opportunities than competitive products this resulted in earning the J.D. Power and Associates Customer Satisfaction Award.Business partnerships Even in a down economy, partnerships with businesses will continue to overhaul American Express grow its revenue partnering in the B2B aspect will improve the ready income, musical composition continuing to provide greater incentives for additional partnerships. (Ibid, p. 8).American Express has been through recessionary times before, and has emerged even tighter utilizing its core values and strategies.Marketing And Advertising On of the key factors in the service of American Express in the market is the continual thrust of its brand. American Express has taken branding to a new level one who has moved from the outmoded mold of 1960s marketing, humorously described in the III Series MADMEN,1to a more centered approach that makes every employee, essentially, a brand manager American Express. American Express does not actually sell anything tangible. Yes, they have some American Express merchandise, alone their primary focus for the consumer is to get as many American Express cards into the hands of qualified customers as possible. Money is generated through the fees charged to retailers and credit card clearing houses. But, American Express is essentially branded as a service-oriented business top notch service that customers match in their interaction with all American Express staff (American Express Joe Bihlmier interview, 2002). American Express has done this with a few simple, yet very powerful, changes to its business paradigmCustomer Contact Every step of the American Express experience has been refined to be distinct and competitive from all other credit and charge card companies. Employees are highly trained, announce English in a professional modality, and rather than take the funky on certain situations, begin the discussion with the customer as the 1 priority.Accuracy of Statement American Express statemen ts are double and threesome checked for accuracy, with an ease of back up selective information available at a moments notice. Since American Express realizes that most use is for business, they have organize their statement into categories that make it easier for the employee to report.Business Cards American Express wants large businesses, and has made it easier for company employees to receive cards and generate only their emolument back to the company. American Express will customize reports, by employee and category, for big companies accounting management, and for some, even deliver it electronically based on their soul needs.Ease of Dis perpetrateing a Charge Again, American Express assumes the client is right, and with a simple phone call, will act as an advocate for any unauthorized charges (AmericanExpress.com).Utilizing celebrities as role models Instead of having a celebrity plain pitch a product, American Express has taken two different views of improving its brand using celebrities. The celebrities actually USE the product, their names are printed on the card, and not only are they shown in their particular field of expertise (e.g. Tiger Woods, Robert DiNero, etc.), but the company has ads that play off habitual archetypes (e.g. the movie CaddyShack, etc.) (McCarthy, 2005).Differential Branding Now, not only does American Express offer the Gold and Green cards, but a blue and red card, with different cards supporting credit customers (as opposed to charge customers), and the production rose-cheeked, which supports the fight against Aids, and other environmental causes. For example, one AmEx commercial shows a sexy model near a traditional Masai warrior the model holds the RED card and says, It doesnt make you feel so guilty about spending your money (American Express, 2007).Thus, for many businessmen, American Express is more of an experience they can call the company 24/7, 365 days per year in an emergency, have funds delivered or charges authorized by phone they can receive discounts on hotels, car rentals, meals, and even special events. Being an American Express member, has its perks (See Appendix A Examples of American Express Branding). American Express seems to go past at creating the strategy from the outside in, rather than the typical product management idea of inside out this strategy has shown an increase in brand recognition, whether or not those consumers utilize the product at present. Thus, that recognition, as the tribe ages and is able to afford participating in the American Express experience is more of a marketing investment strategy, long-term, than it is a complete short-run blip (Atstiel, 2005).The Problem/Challenge The design and accord case are both strategic management issues that, for a company with a demographic like American Express, are vital for the success of their product. For a merchant, American Express is significantly more expensive than MasterCard or Visa, takes l onger to be reimbursed, and has less flexibility in discount rates. Instead, it is the very design and conformance (value of the product and the degree to which product promises and specifications are realized) in the marketplace that makes it even worthwhile to merchants. In many cases, corporations use only American Express, and therefore their employees are motivated to use that card, typically billed directly to the base office, without the same necessity for reimbursement and TE Expense Reporting. Because American Express already invested in POP materials, already shipped those materials to its list of businesses who accept the card, the key understandably was not whether the marketing folks at American Express had done their job. They had but only partially for all the collateral in the world is for naught if it is not posted, thrown away, or put into storage. That being said, the prosody of vi Sigma, and the defined flaw acceptance helped American Express hone in on the root of the problem regarding POP and the re look for foot it, as well as a means to mitigate the situation. scarcely put, the current research was simply not working in equipment casualty of sending the issues surrounding use of the card in small businesses.Opportunities/Recommendations American Express hired a research vender to call on businesses to publish what POP materials were being used, why or why not, and how these materials could translate into an increase value relationship for the consumer and business. Unfortunately, the info scuppered by the research vendor was fraught with inaccuracies from poor call rates to a disconnectedness in research opportunities that, in fact, worked contrary to the needs of the company in providing a service to its business clients.American Express uncovered two primary causes for this disconnect by shadowing the vendor and putting principles of Six-Sigma into place to play a potential set of solutions. The two primary causes for the unacceptably high uncallable rate for American Express research were a disconnect among time of research and store hours and the ability of the research to identify individual businesses that were in compliance with American Express POP requirements. Both resulted in a loss of time and money, an unacceptable error rate, and considerable surplusage (returning to recheck). However, the research vendor was given the list by American Express. When the business signed up with American Express, they not only listed the type of business (e.g. retail, restaurant, etc.) but also their hours and days of operation. A simple Boolean search would have provided the research firm a sort of appropriate businesses and an revision of hours. Six Sigma already asks for statistical checks to be made when viewing data, had the methodology been in place within the marketing research area, the initial disconnect would not have occurred. It was not incumbent upon the vendor to know expound about t he client beforehand. Further, operating in a Six Sigma manner would have put a more robust vetting upon the research ascertain prior to placing it into the field. In addition, the research protocol should have been written so that the purpose of the visit was plain to the vendor analysis of POP. If the analysis was possible without actually visiting the business (e.g. viewing the POP on the gateway or register), redundancies would have been eliminated (Hayler and Nichols, 2007, 55-9).Still, Six Sigma is a tool, it is not an edict. Like many tools, it is dependent upon two things 1) How it is used, and 2) The calibre of the data. Six-Sigma was originally designed for use by Motorola in the early 1980s. It was put in place in order to not only uncover, but to solve, certain manufacturing processes that were not working appropriately. It better the company by delimitate a clearly focus on measurable issues that could be quantified and united to profitability. It also increased an emphasis on managements commitment to utilizing the strategic provision system to actually implement a cause-effect relationship within the manufacturing model. However, when all the bells and whistles come off, and all the statistical data and measurement are miserable down, the model is really a quality improvement template. It is not designed for any subjectivity and often fails to take into account that margin of error is different on divergent products and services (e.g. a surgical shaft or medical device should have a lower rate of error than a new hardcover novel). Further, some of the standards are controlling and force management to plug in data (as in the American Express market research). That being said, it is both possible to overanalyze certain fruitless data in other words, do certain Six Sigma data more important than it really is to ROI. However, it does efficaciously help management identify areas of needed improvement, of inefficiency, and of redundancy (P rasad, 2009, 32-40).Conclusions Such market gurus as Warren Buffet continues to invest in American Express and believe that it is a solid company with a solid business plan. American Express does have weaknesses, but because the do not offer tangible products, their success or failure in the marketplace is a result of their continual ability to get consumers and businesses to use their products. They have complete a global service sector, they have established an extremely strong brand, they have established recognition that is top within its industry, and almost top in the era of advertising the perception of the card remains constructive but the company is faced with an uncertain few years while the economic downturn changes globally. Luckily, the company is well-positioned to handle the slowdown, stakeholders seem patient to quit the company to restructure and refocus, and the strategic plan remains solid (Hagstrom, 1997 Evans, 2005). ? Six Sigma is a tool, it is not an edict . Like many tools, it is dependent upon two things 1) How it is used, and 2) The quality of the data. Six-Sigma was originally designed for use by Motorola in the early 1980s. It was put in place in order to not only uncover, but to solve, certain manufacturing processes that were not working appropriately. It improved the company by defining a clearly focus on measurable issues that could be quantified and linked to profitability. It also increased an emphasis on managements commitment to utilizing the strategic planning system to actually implement a cause-effect relationship within the manufacturing model.However, when all the bells and whistles come off, and all the statistical data and measurement are broken down, the model is really a quality improvement template. It is not designed for any subjectivity and often fails to take into account that margin of error is different on divergent products and services (e.g. a surgical instrument or medical device should have a lower rate of error than a new hardback novel). Further, some of the standards are arbitrary and force management to plug in data (as in the American Express market research). That being said, it is both possible to overanalyze certain ineffectual data in other words, making certain Six Sigma data more important than it really is to ROI. However, it does effectively help management identify areas of needed improvement, of inefficiency, and of redundancy. In the case of American Express- the Six Sigma model did uncover redundancy and most certainly does point to the need to expand and organize new market segments, thus answering the question of launching a new product piece into the marketplace.

Research methodology: Experiences of social work managers

Research orderology Experiences of sociable go a means managers methodologyThis chapter result tabuline the manner in which the search was planned and completed, with reference to literary productions when necessary. Further more than than, it includes an important plowion of some of the ethical dilemmas that had to be considered during the taste and posterior discourse processes.ApproachThis slash of seek aimed to explore the pictures of managers in complaisant figure, and set out to cast light in surprisingly at a lower place questioned aras. One of the central aims of this piece of look for was to obtain info that was promptly analysable (Arksey and Knight 1999) and valid (Whittaker 2012).The nature of the explore meant a qualitative court was employd to explore the various themes that emerged from the followup of the literature. This was preferred all over a duodecimal method, peculiarly as the latter usually requires larger examples for generating statistics and quantifiable data. soft methods concentrate on seeking out and interpreting the meanings that throng ascribe to their witness actions (McLaughlin 2007), and allows for exploration of opinion and experience (Shaw 2003). Interpretative topics were at the core of this research core value, which despite being substantially perpetual across societies and throughout history, is inherently subjective. A qualitative approach enabled the bit of data that is rich in interpretation, distri only whenor point and character (Neuman 1997).sociable toy research is required to enhance and develop knowledge (McLaughlin 2007), and can dish up explore people and communities, paying position focus to the wider companionable and structural issues that allude them (Cheetham 2000). The profession is embedded in dedicate therefore research that informs behaviour and questions the know and un cognize elements of practice is vital to encourage lateral pass thinking and dynamism amongst frontline growers, as puff up as going in some way towards boosting the professional status of sociable work (Bledsoe et al. 2005). With this in mind, it was provoke to circular some of the barriers to accessing informants, non from amicable workers themselves, scarce from organisations. Dealing with rejection from one topical anesthetic anaesthetic anaesthetic council was personally frustrating, but has wider consequences for the profession.To visit social work we must understand how knowledge is validated within the profession (Askeland and Payne 200114)Furthermore, hearty work research is about social workers, what they think, what they believe, what knowledge they claim and what they do with it. (Butler 2002241).With this in mind, the implications of a blas attitude to research, albeit a small project such as this one, ar significant. One of the themes that arose from the discourses, as will be discussed in more detail later, was the increasingly diverse and heavy workload of managers. Lack of time is a commonly quoted barrier to research participation amongst practitioners (Sheldon and Chivers 2000), and this is one of the reasons research be a low priority for workers in the field (McLaughlin 2007). Furthermore, as is commented on hike at the end of this chapter, having to go through organisational protocol commencement exercise has implications for anonymity, and arguably has consequences on worker willingness to take part (Lewis 2003).Literature reviewResearch into the topic of core values started with certain core school text readings, which expanded into their recommended reading lists and cited articles. A range of literature databases including Ingenta, hearty Sciences computer address Index, hearty Services Abstracts were searched using keywrangle such as core values, social work manager, social work management, managerialism and social work, and performance indicators in various different orders. The search widen t o databases such as Oxford University compress Journals, SocINDEX, SwetsWise and Academic Search Elite. Furthermore, using universitys Searcher Electronic Database it was executable to search a plethora of databases at one time. This was further augmented with internet searches and the use of Google Scholar. Initially, there was non a lot of research regarding retention of core values among managers, thence this was indicative of social work as an under researched area in general. Nevertheless, broadening my search using the preceding(prenominal) key terminology and Boolean operators such as OR and AND proved to be more fruitful.Interview consumeThe shortage of research available in this area, and regarding social work managers more generally, proved an impetus to focusing on a particular sample. Interviewees were approached a coupling of months before the interviews took place, and had been chosen specifically due to their current management relate roles. Having a purposi ve sample avoided the common issue of ending up with a large amount of irrelevant or disconnected data (Thurlow Brown 1988) as such a method usually kernel that the sample has a certain level of knowledge and experience in relation to the topic (Smith 2009).A total of six interviews took place over a four week period, with all working in hospital social work at management level. This champions a small sample, but it was within the limits of this piece of work, and since qualitative methods are not reliant on large samples for credibility unlike quantitative methods (Anastas 2004), coupled with the level of research undertaken, meant a greater understanding of the issues could be uncover (Denscombe 2007). Working with a smaller sample allows for more depth and detail of meaning, and subsequently avoids a more general and abstracted level of explanation (McLaughlin 2007). Indeed, it allowed for a more sharpened focus of this field, particularly as all the informants were in pre cise similar roles.During the interview process, informants offered recommendations of others to interview, otherwise known as snowball sampling (Knight 2002). Whilst this was appreciated, the recommendations snarly other areas of social work. Although this would have generated further data, it was felt that having a random sample would obfuscate more pertinent findings from the core interviewees and affect the generalisability of the findings. The criticisms of using a convenience sample are advantageously noted, particularly the impact this has on generalisability to the wider population (Bryman 2012). Using informants who are already known to the researcher may have its drawbacks, but it is argued that these are outweighed by merits of such projects being used to further larger studies (Herr and Anderson 2005).InterviewsInterviews were arranged through email, at which point the respondents were told of the nature and purpose of the study and what was going to be covered in the interview. This involved a general overview of the main themes that were to be explored. It was not felt necessary to give the informants a copy of the interview document for fear that this would impact on the conversational flow that was being aimed for. Interviews followed a semi-structured model and enabled the investigative process to remain mostly conversational and easy the inherent flexibility of this approach allowing for detailed probing when necessary (Becker and Bryman 2004). It is a simple method of data collection but allows for detailed shot of peoples experiences. Open ended questions were consciously used to avoid bias and encourage a free satiny narrative that was in line with the interviewees views and opinions whilst also following the overarching themes that were being explored (Rubin and Babbie 2007). Whilst the interview schedule did not have to be strictly adhered to, it was knowing in a way that started with descriptive, open questions such as Can you gi ve me a description of your current role? and slowly moved to more direct questions that aimed to rear thoughts and opinion, How do you feel about the statement If you can manage a factory, you can manage a team of social workers? Having the interview designed in this meant that the range of questions were general enough to stimulate free flowing dialogue, but also specific enough to gather relevant data. alone of the interviews were recorded, and subsequently transcribed as soon as possible for reasons of confidentiality informants could be indirectly attributed through a collection of characteristics (McLaughlin 2007). This was particularly important as the sample represents the majority of two local authority management teams, in secondary settings, and therefore could be easily set. For this reason, transcripts of interviews were not provided in an adjunct and no contextual detail has been provided about whatever of the interviewees. Despite the arduous process of transcrib ing data (OLeary 2004 169), it was important because it meant that more attention could be pass actively listening and tuning in, as opposed to writing notes. The interview itself-importance, as a communication interchange establishing a poser for future tense evaluation and enquiry, lies at the heart of social work practice (McLaughlin 2007), and draw on some of the skills that had been developed on placement, particularly active listening, signposting and probing. Qualitative methodologies mirror the focus placed upon person-centredness in social work practice (Connelly and Harms 2012). This highlights the transferability of skills from practice into research and vice versa. With this in mind, it was important to use these skills to batten down interviews was being guided and not led. This meant avoiding leading questions and generally putting words in the mouth of the informant. For example, asking What do you feel the main reasons for this are?, as opposed to Is this a dire ct consequence of the increased use of key performance indicators?Key findings and discussionThematic analysis is a commonly used method for analysing such data (Bryman 2008, Davies 2007), and was used to explore the transcripts and highlight recurrent themes as it has been defined as a method for identifying, analysing and recording themes within data (Braun and Clarke 2006). Braun and Clarkes (2006) six horizontal surface thematic analysis model was used as a guide, and involved getting immersed in the data in the first instance followed by creating, searching, reviewing and defining/naming themes.Initial coding was done by play up particular extracts that were interesting (Boyatzis 1998), separated by different colours to represent the various different topics that emerged. This was a useful way of organising what was initially a large amount of data by marking recurrent topics and words (Ryan and Bernard 2003). This stage represented an organisation of data into individual bui lding blocks of particular topics the next stage aimed to bring together blocks into groups of similar colours. At this stage, it was possible to identify themes. Limitations of studyIt would be nave to think that such a study could be generalised to a wider population (Gomm 2008, Smith 2009). However, it has been argued that although such studies are not generalisable in the traditional sense, they have redeeming qualities which set them above that requirement (Myers 2000). Small scale research highlights the importance of viewing such studies as focusing on discovery, and not proof (Denscombe 1998). The development of managerialism is not unique to the UK (Politt and Bouckaert 1997, Hood et al. 1999, Brunsson and Sahlin- Andersson 2000), and highlights the relevance and necessity of shedding light on management experiences within a paradigm that triumphs managerial prerogative (Thomas and Davies 2005).The sample represent one of convenience, as all but one of the informants were k nown to the researcher in a professional capacity. Whilst this has been deemed the least credible of sampling techniques (Bryman 2008), it must also be stressed that it was also purposive as highlighted previously. With this in mind it is important to recognise how the researchers own views and values can create a bias, particularly as the constructivist framework of qualitative research states that individuals construct their own understanding through experience (Denscombe 2003, Kuper 2008). Rigorous testing of the interview schedule was done to avoid any bias by recognising and removing leading questions.EthicsIt was necessary to follow well established protocol within the university school, as well as the local council to ensure that the study was carried out in a way that was ethically sound. This firstly involved completing an ethical level one self audit, as well as qualitative appraisal tool identified in literature (McLaughlin 2007). It was important to gain informed consent from the interviewees, and discuss the extent and manner in which absolute confidentiality was to be achieved. Contingent confidentiality (Dominelli 2005) is more commonly discussed in social work, as it is necessary to spell out the precise conditions this would need to be broken, such as a culpable offense being disclosed, however this was not the case in this study.The local councils policy on research meant that the research design was scrutinised to glean what use this had. Indeed the request form specifically states answer What usefulness will the utterance offer to the council, if any?. The question better asked would be What benefit will the dissertation offer social work?, as the organisation would arguably benefit if their goals were parallel with social work. mixer work as a profession risks having its own priorities sidelined for those of employing organisations, and although workers are accountable to their organisation, social works struggle with developing an t ake the stand base (Marsh and fisherman 2005) highlights the need to build a solid research infrastructure that informs best practice (Davies et al. 2000, Trinder 2000).The council procedure involved providing training on was to be interviewed and the interview schedule itself. As was briefly discussed earlier, having to tell the council who was being interviewed and the impact this has on anonymity is questionable indeed the impact of tighter ethical and regulatory frameworks for social work students and having a research capable workforce are well noted (Dominelli and Holloway 2008). Arguably, social work research should place ethics at the centre of what it aims to achieve, and this is well noted (Hugman and Smith 1995). This is particularly important as ethics are or at least should be at the centre of practice. What this raises are issues of accountability for the researcher that mirror those of workers and managers as is discussed in the following chapters. As a social work researcher, to whom am I accountable? The current research governance framework (Department of Health 2005) has been seen to focus more towards accountability to funders and regulators as opposed to anybody else (Dominelli and Holloway 2008). How this affects larger research projects is unclear, but as an ethical researcher, since I was unable to guarantee the anonymity of further informants it was decided that a sample of six was enough. How this subsequently affects participation is interesting but unfortunately not within the scope of this particular piece of research.ReferencesAnastas 2004Arksey, H., Knight, P. T. (1999) Interviewing for social scientists An introductory resource with examples. apt.Askeland, G. A. and Payne, M. (2001) What is Valid Knowledge for SocialWorkers? Social Work in Europe, 8 (3) pp. 13-23Becker, S. Bryman, A. (2004) Understanding Research for Social insurance and Practice Themes, Methods and Approaches Bristol, The constitution fomentBledsoe, S., Bellamy, J., Mullen, E. Shlonsky, A. (2005) From concept to implementation Challenges facing evidence based social work Evidence and Policy 1, pp. 143-151Boyatsiz, RE. (1998) Transforming qualitative information Thematic analysis and code development Thousand Oaks, SageButler, I. (2002) A code of ethics for social work and social care research British Journal of Social Work 32 (2) pp. 239 -248Braun, V. Clarke, V. (2006) Using thematic analysis in psychology Qualitative Research in psychological acquirement 3, pp. 77 101Bryman, A. (2008) Social research methods 3rd edition Oxford, Oxford University Press Bryman, A. (2012) Social Work Methods (4th Ed.) Oxford University PressCheetham, J. (2000) The importance of research in the culture of care professionals in Pierce, R. and Weinstein, J. (eds) Innovative Education and Training for supervise Professionals. A Providers hightail it London, Jessica KingsleyConnelly, M. and Harms, L. (2012) Social Work From theory to practice Melb ourne, Cambridge University PressDavies, MB. (2007) Doing a successful research project Using qualitative or quantitative methods Basingstoke, Palgrave MacmillanDavies, H.T.O., Nutley, S.M. and Smith, P.C. (eds) (2000) What works? Evidencebased policy and practice in public services Bristol, The Policy PressDenscombe, M. (1998) The Good Research Guide for Small Scale Social Research Projects Buckingham, Open University PressDepartment of Health (2005) The Research system Framework for Health andSocial Care London, Department of HealthDominelli, L. (2005) Social work research Contested knowledge for practice in Adams, R., Dominelli, L. and Payne, M. (eds) Social Work Futures, London,Palgrave/MacmillanDominelli, L., Holloway, M. (2008). Ethics and governance in social work research in the UK. British Journal of Social Work, 38(5), 1009-1024.Gomm, R. (2008) Social Research Methodology a critical introduction, 2nd Edition Hampshire, Palgrave MacmillanHerr, K. and Anderson, G. (2005) T he action research dissertation A guide for students and faculty London, SAGE PublicationsHugman, R. Smith, D. (1995) Ethical issues in social work an overview London, RoutledgeKnight, P. (2002) Small Scale Research London, SAGE PublicationsKuper, A. (2008) Critically valuate Qualitative Research The British Medical Journal 337, pp.1035 1043Lewis, J. (2003) Design issues in Ritchie, J., Lewis, J. (Eds.) Qualitative research practice A guide for social science students and researchers. Sage.Marsh, P. and Fisher, M. (2005) Developing the Evidence Base for Social Work and Social Care Practice London, Social Care Institute for Excellence.McLaughlin, H. (2007). Understanding social work research. Sage.Myers, M. (2000) Qualitative research and the generalizability question Standing firm with Proteus. The qualitative report, 4(3/4) pp. 1-9.Neuman, W. (1997) Social research methods Qualitative and quantitative approaches 3rd Ed. Boston, Allyn and BaconOLeary, Z. (2004) The Essential Gui de to Doing Research London, SagePayne, G. Payne, J. (2004) Key Concepts in Social Research London, SageRubin, A. Babbie, E. (2007) Essential Methods for Social Work California, Thomson Higher EducationRyan, G. Bernard, H. (2003) Techniques to Identify Themes field of force Methods 15, pp. 85-109Shaw, I. (2003) Cutting edge issues in social work research British Journal of Social Work 33, pp. 1268-1282Sheldon, B. Chivers, R. (2000) Evidence-based Social Care A think of Prospects and Problems Lyme Regis, Russell House PublishingSmith, R. (2009) Doing Social Work Research Berkshire, Open University PressThurlow Brown, N. (1988) The Curates Egg. Unpublished conference paper. North East attempt Mental Health Trust Trinder, L. (2000) Evidence-based practice in social work and probation, inL. Trinder and S. Reynolds (eds) Evidence-based Practice A critical appraisal,Oxford Blackwell Science, pp 138-162.

The Origin Of Environmental Education Education Essay

The Origin Of surroundingsal didactics fosterage EssayThe surround encompasses on the whole the living and non-living things that occur on Earth. The quite a little of the surround is entwined with that of every life that inhabits the planet including that of pitying beings. The industrialization date brought ab come forward devastating impacts on the milieu and at the end of the 19th blow, people started to excavate the susceptibleness of the environment and the gravity of the implications if the environment was not homecomingn c be of. Nations gathered and issues close to the environment were starting to bow out priority, hoping to obtain and sustain a better future for our planet. surroundingsal genteelness is not a contemporary subject matter. It back tooth be date back to as early as the 18th century with the treatise of Jean-Jacques Rousseau who in a bad expressive style(p) the value of an learning that revolved on the environment. Some divisions later, t he Swiss-born immanentist, Louis Agassiz, echoed Rousseaus philosophy. It was these deuce influential scholars who set(p) the hind end for a concrete environmental preparation program, kn live got as the Nature Study, which occurred amongst the late 19th century and early 20th century.Following the effortful work of many separate born(p)ists, April 22nd of the year 1970 was decl ard as the first Earth solar day a national t from each angiotensin converting enzyme(prenominal)-in concerning environmental issues. This memorable event paved the direction for the current environmental reading movement. In the latter months, President Nixon passed the matter surroundingsal fosterage Act, which intended to incorporate environmental education into K-12 schools. In the following year, the North Ameri seat Association for environmental Education (NAAEE), once known as the theme Association for milieual Education, was instituted to ameliorate the environmental literacy by sup plying resources to teachers and promote environmental education programs. The following year was then declared by the European Council as the Year of the environs.environmental education was globally ac fellowshipd when the UN multitude on the Human Environment held in 1972, in Stockholm, Sweden, affirmed that environmental education essential be utilized as the key to address environmental issues all most the existence. The plug intoed Nations Education Scientific and Cultural governing body (UNESCO) and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) generated three major settlements that have guided the course of environmental education. These were namely the Stockholm declaration, the Belgrade charter and the Tbilisi declaration.The Stockholm declaration The resolving power of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment took bespeak among June 5th and June 16th of the year 1972. The document, consisting of 7 proclamations and 26 principles, was created in order to inspire and guide the people of the serviceman in the economy and enhancement of the human environment.The Belgrade charter was held in October of 1975. This agreement was the merchandise of the International Workshop on Environmental Education which was held in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. The foundation of the Belgrade charter was the Stockholm Declaration which was advanced upon by goals, objectives and manoeuvre principles of environmental education programs which complicate the general public.The Tbilisi declaration of October 1977, renowned the unanimous accord in the eventful role of environmental education in the preservation and procession of the worlds environment, as strong as in the sound and equilibrise phylogenesis of the worlds communities. (Tbilisi, 1977). The Tbilisi declaration not besides noeticized and elucidated the Stockholm declaration and the Belgrade charter solely also included new(a) aims and objectives as headspring as guiding principles of environmental education. later on that year, the Intergovernmental Conference on Environmental Education in Tbilisi, Republic of gallium accentuated the responsibility of Environmental Education in the conservation and unfoldment of the environment as a whole on a worldwide level.The enormousness of sustainable information was established in the year 1987, when the World fit on Environment and maturation published the Brundtland Report. This report, also known as Our Common Future, enlightened the concept of sustainable culture in which the cling toive covering of the environment and the economic growth were regarded as interdependent notions as well as the concept of friendly equity. According to the Brundtland Report, sustainable development implies coming together the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Brundtland, 1987).In 1992, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development which took place in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, supported and embellished the goal of obtaining sustainability. This was achieved by convey of planetary agreements made on climate variation, woodland and biodiversity. One of the most world-shattering aspects of the Rio Earth Summit, was Chapter 36 of Agenda 21 the fulcrum of our current environmental sustainable development. Agenda 21 emphasisinged on reorienting education towards sustainable development increasing public consciousness and promoting training. (Chapter 36, Agenda 21). Agenda 21 discards the entrance of the environment as a detached system and stresses the perspective of the environment as a holistic onset incorporating our surroundings as well as our existence, making use of nature and its resources.Another crucial footfall forward in sustainable development was held in 2002 by the United Nations Commission the Johannesburg Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa. This summit brought together tens of thousands of participants to focus the worlds attention and direct action towardconserving our natural resources in a world that id growing in population, with ever-increasing demands for food, water, shelter, sanitation, energy, health services and economic security. (Johannesburg Summit, 2002).In 2005 the National Environmental Education and Training Foundation held the first National Environmental Education Week betwixt the10th and 16th of April. Later that year, the Centre for Environment Education held the Education for a Sustainable Future Conference in Ahmedabad in India. Over 800 learners, thinkers and practiti atomic number 53rs from over 40 countries attended and established the Ahmedabad Declaration on education for sustainable development.Environmental Education has long been considered as a crucial aspect of our existence. It is an international concern which has brought and has yet to act all the nations together striving to reach one important goal, one which gives the interdependency of th e environment and that of organisms, including ourselves, the major precedence they deserve.1.2 Philosophy of Environmental EducationEnvironmental education comprises several unique philosophies where each has its own objectives. However, the disciplines crossroad in purpose and philosophy of environmental education. The both(prenominal) main disciplines of environmental education are that of outdoor(a) education and that of experiential education.Outdoor education refers to learning in, for and about the outdoors. It is a means of curriculum extension and enrichment with outdoor pictures (Hammerman, 1980, p. 33). Through outdoors experiences, environmental education may be taught or enhanced. Experiential education is a process through which an soulfulness assembles knowledge, skill and value from direct experiences.Learning about the environment, being an outdoor or experiential education, is a way of didactics a somebody to love the Earth. Through this means, a soul enha nces his awareness and appreciation of the natural environment as well as learns skills in order to improve his life in the outdoors and learns relationships among the inhabitants. Moreover, the person has learned how to learn and can thus coin away his own decisions on how to care for the land. This great admitment is called environmental literacy. Thus, education begins empowerment, where the individual can master complex skills and important decision making which are not affected by todays changing society.1.3 Roles, Objectives and Principles of Environmental EducationThe Tbilisi Declaration, held in 1977, was the worlds first intergovernmental conference on environmental education. It was organized by the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in cooperation with the U.N. Environment Programme (UNEP)The declaration accentuated the important role of environmental education in the conservation and development of the worlds environment, as well as the sound and reasonable usefulness of the worlds communities.The Roles, Objectives and Characteristics of Environmental Education as laid out during the Tbilisi Declaration as well as the two recommendations of the Conference areThe Conference recommends the take for grantedion of certain criteria which bequeath serving to guide efforts to develop environmental education at the national, regional, and global levelsWhereas it is a fact that biological and physical features constitute the natural derriere of the human environment, its ethical, social, cultural, and economic dimensions also play their part in determining the lines of approach and the instruments whereby people may render and make better use of natural resources in satisfying their needs.Environmental education is the result of the reorientation and dovetailing of several(predicate) disciplines and educational experiences which facilitate an integrated perception of the problems of the environment, enabling more rational actions capable of meeting social needs to be taken.A introductory aim of environmental education is to succeed in making individuals and communities understand the complex nature of the natural and the built environments resulting from the interaction of their biological, physical, social, economic, and cultural aspects, and acquire the knowledge, values, attitudes, and practical skills to participate in a responsible and effective way in anticipating and solving environmental problems, and in the management of the quality of the environment.A further basic aim of environmental education is understandably to leaven the economic, political, and ecological interdependence of the modern world, in which decisions and actions by different countries can have international repercussions. Environmental education should, in this regard, befriend to develop a nose out of responsibility and solidarity among countries and regions as the foundation for a new international orde r which will guarantee the conservation and improvement of the environment. particular attention should be paid to sagacity the complex relations between socio-economic development and the improvement of the environment.For this purpose, environmental education should provide the necessary knowledge for interpretation of the complex phenomena that shape the environment, encourage those ethical, economic, and esthetic values which, constituting the basis of self-discipline, will further the development of conduct compatible with the preservation and improvement of the environment. It should also provide a wide range of practical skills need in the devising and application of effective solutions to environmental problems.To carry out these tasks, environmental education should bring about a closer link between educational processes and existing life, building its activities around the environmental problems that are set about by particular communities and focusing analysis on thes e by means of an interdisciplinary, comprehensive approach which will permit a seemly understanding of environmental problems.Environmental education should cater to all ages and socio-professional groups in the population. It should be addressed to (a) the general nonspecialist public of young people and adults whose daily conduct has a decisive influence on the preservation and improvement of the environment (b) to particular social groups whose professional activities affect the quality of the environment and to scientists and technicians whose specialized research and work will lay the foundations of knowledge on which education, training, and efficient management of the environment should be based.To achieve the effective development of environmental education, full advantage must be taken of all public and private facilities available to society for the education of the population the semi-formal education system, different forms of nonformal education, and the mass media.T o make an effective contribution towards alter the environment, educational action must be linked with legislation, policies, measures of control, and the decisions that governments may adopt in relation to the human environment.The Conference endorses the following goals, objectives and guiding principles for environmental educationThe Goals of Environmental Education areTo foster clear awareness of and concern about, economic, social, political and ecological interdependence in urban and country-bred areasTo provide every person with opportunities to acquire the knowledge, values, attitudes, commitment and skills needed to protect and improve the environmentTo create new patterns of behavior of individuals, groups and society as a whole towards the environment.The Categories of Environmental Education Objectives areAwareness to help social groups and individuals acquire an awareness and sensitivity to the total environment and its consort problems.Knowledge to help social group s and individuals gain a variety of experience in, and acquire a basic understanding of, the environment and its associated problems. This is of utmost wideness as the more people learn about their surroundings, the more they will tend to care about it. (Kriesberg, 1996).Attitudes to help social groups and individuals acquire a set of values and feelings of concern for the environment and the motivation for actively active in environmental improvement and protection. Reinforcing this category, the attitudes of children are a major focus of many environmental education programmes. (Eagles and Demare, 1999).Skills to help social groups and individuals acquire the skills for identifying and solving environmental problems.Participation to provide social groups and individuals with an opportunity to be actively involved at all levels in working toward resolution of environmental problems. Education needs to go beyond information and awareness to include behavioural change. (Niedermeyer , 1992). Moreover, all serious environmental education aims to motivate individuals to take responsible action. (Bogner, 1998).Guiding Principles Environmental Education shouldConsider the environment in its totality-natural and built, technological and social (economic, political, cultural-historic, ethical, esthetic)Be a continuous lifelong process, branch at the preschool level and continuing through all formal and nonformal stagesBe interdisciplinary in its approach, drawing on the specific content of each discipline in making possible a holistic and balanced perspectiveExamine major environmental issues from local, national, regional, and international points of view so that students receive insights into environmental conditions in other geographical areasFocus on current and potential environmental situations while taking into account the historical perspectivePromote the value and necessity of local, national, and international cooperation in the stripe and solution of en vironmental problemsExplicitly consider environmental aspects in plans for development and growthEnable learners to have a role in be after their learning experiences and provide an opportunity for making decisions and accepting their consequencesRelate environmental sensitivity, knowledge, problem-solving skills, and values clarification to every age, but with special emphasis on environmental sensitivity to the learners own community in early eldHelp learners discover the symptoms and real causes of environmental problemsEmphasize the complexity of environmental problems and thus the need to develop critical thinking and problem-solving skillsUtilize divers(prenominal) learning environments and a broad array of educational approaches to teaching, learning about and from the environment with due stress on practical activities and first-hand experience.Approaches to Environmental EducationThe ultimate aim of environmental education is to aid society in becoming environmentally kn owledgeable moreover, it endows people with the necessary skills and dedication for working, both individually and collectively, towards achieving and/or continueing a dynamic equilibrium between the quality of life and that of the environment.There are several approaches towards environmental education, peculiarly when transaction with young children, all enclosing the same aim. However the basis of each approach to environmental education encompasses education about, through and for the environment.Education round the EnvironmentThe concept of education about the environment simply entails entryway and divulging knowledge about our surroundings. The more a person executes aware of his environment the more he can grow to appreciate it and thus make use of its resources in a sustainable way.As Dr. Ken Gilbertson clearly stated, Environmental Education is a means to teach a person to love the Earth. It is not proselytizing but providing a basis for comprehending complex social and natural/physical connections. (Dr. William Fleischman, 2010). Learning about the environment leads to a betterment from awareness to action, a progression mirrored in the objectives set fore by the Tbilisi Declaration, to maintain responsible environmental behavior and a sustainable future. (Dr. Julie Ernst, 2010).Education Through the EnvironmentEducation through the environment implies utilizing the surrounding ambient itself as a resource for the educational purpose. The environment itself is the most effective and readily available tool for environmental education. Activities which take place outdoors are of utmost importance especially with the junior generation which tends to learn more through direct observation and experience. detainment of our surroundings is not something that could be learnt merely in a classroom, but requires an investment of time spent in the presence of nature, energy and comment (Miles, 1991 p.6).Outdoor activities are also beneficial for one s peace of mind as nature itself has the power to instill serenity upon ones being, leading to a greater appreciation of the environment. In addition, outdoor ecology programs may influence a childs attitude and behaviour towards a more positive direction, provided that it takes place for an decent amount of time. (Bogner, 1998).As Rachel Carson once said, If a child is to keep resilient his/her spirit of wonder, he/she needs the companionship of at least one adult who can share it, rediscovering with him or her the joy, excitement and mystery of the world we live in. Environmental education encourages us to constantly rediscover that sense of wonder and bonds people and communities with the natural world.When learning about the environment, one must take into consideration all its aspects, including that of the built environment. Equilibrium should be achieved between the natural and social world in order to reveal real life situations and real issues and concerns, providing the opportunity to analyze the local environment as well as introduce the idea of environmental responsibility.1.4.3 Education For the EnvironmentEducation for the environment encompasses the growth of a knowledgeable person into a motivated, responsible, caring individual, who seeks to take accountable action in order to maintain and nurture a sustainable environment. Environmental education endeavors to improve upon environmental ethics which would result in the advancement of the caliber of life on Earth.Knowledge is of unsounded significance if one is to develop a sense of understanding and appreciation about his or her surroundings. However knowledge is just the first step and should always be followed by deed. Actively involving people, especially children, in their communities and in finding solutions to local environmental problems, encourages ones heart to become more active at a global level. As Hewitt merely stated in 1997, Knowledge alone cannot influence the protection of the environment. It is mostly through hands on experience that an individual is able to full comprehend the value of our environment and develop a sense of pity towards it.By directly involving young people in environmental activities, they are being encouraged to evaluate their own individual impact on the well being of their surroundings as well as apprehend that along with others, we all affect the environment and thus let it be in a constructive comportment.1.1.4 Games in Environmental Education all form of education should always incorporate an enjoyable aspect, one in which the attention of the individuals involve is captured and maintained, making the learning experience more effective.Environmental education could also be taught in a pleasurable manner. This could be done by the use of many games and activities which not only take exception the participants but also encourage the children to act on the knowledge they have obtained and become actively involved in the ca re and maintenance of the environment as a whole.Playing games was thought of as a fundamental part of learning by many learning theorists including Piaget who strongly believed that games are an indispensable aspect of an individuals development of intelligence.The additional advantage of playing games is that children become central to their own learning and a deviation from the normal teaching methods would ensure that every child is given the opportunity to participate and magnify his or her skills in the concerned area.1.4.5 Environmental ProblemsWhen a child is presented with a relatively intricate quandary at an early stage in his or her life, and is asked to propose some sort of solution to the predicament which he/she might encounter, the child starts developing cognitive skills which are beneficial for life.Children should be exposed to environmental tribulations that occur in real life situations and should be guided to an appropriate and efficient solution. This was als o one of the recommendations of the Tbilisi Intergovernmental Conference on Environmental Education in the following statementenvironmental education should bring about a closer link between educational processes and real life, building its activities around the environmental problems that are faced by particular communities and focusing analysis on these by means of an interdisciplinary, comprehensive approach which will permit a proper understanding of environmental problems (UNESCO-UNEP 1978, Recommendation No. 1).